In epidemiology, a non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) is any method used to reduce the spread of an epidemic disease without requiring pharmaceutical drug treatments. Examples of non-pharmaceutical interventions that reduce the spread of infectious diseases include wearing a face mask and staying away from sick people.[1]
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) points to personal, community, and environmental interventions.[2] NPIs have been recommended for pandemic influenza at both local[3] and global levels[4] and studied at large scale during the 2009 swine flu pandemic[5] and the COVID-19 pandemic.[6][7][8] NPIs are typically used in the period between the emergence of an epidemic disease and the deployment of an effective vaccine.[9]
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