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The noosphere (alternate spelling noösphere) is a philosophical concept developed and popularized by the biogeochemist Vladimir Vernadsky and philosopher and Jesuit priest Pierre Teilhard de Chardin. Vernadsky defined the noosphere as the new state of the biosphere,[1] and described it as the planetary "sphere of reason".[2][3] The noosphere represents the highest stage of biospheric development, that of humankind's rational activities.[4]
The word is derived from the Greek νόος ("nous, mind, reason") and σφαῖρα ("sphere"), in lexical analogy to "atmosphere" and "biosphere".[5] The concept cannot be accredited to a single author. The founding authors Vernadsky and de Chardin developed two related but starkly different concepts, the former grounded in the geological sciences, and the latter in theology. Both conceptions of the noosphere share the common thesis that together human reason and scientific thought have created, and will continue to create, the next evolutionary geological layer. This geological layer is part of the evolutionary chain.[6][7] Second-generation authors, predominantly of Russian origin, have further developed the Vernadskian concept, creating the related concepts: noocenosis and noocenology.[8]
- ^ Pitt, David; Samson, Paul R. (2012). The Biosphere and Noosphere Reader: Global Environment, Society and Change. Oxon: Routledge. pp. 6. ISBN 978-0415166447.
- ^ Yanshin, A. L.; Yanshina, F.T.: Preface; in Vernadsky, Vladimir Ivanovich: Scientific Thought as a Planetary Phenomenon, Moscow, Nongovernmental Ecological V.I.Vernadsky Foundation, 1997, (Original: Научная мысль как планетное явление, translated by B.A.Starostin) p. 6.
- ^ See: Моисеев, Никита Николаевич: Человек и ноосфера, Молодая гвардия, 1990. (Translation of Russian Title: Moiseyev, Nikita Nikolaievich: Man and the Noosphere) 26 с.
- ^ Петрашов В.В. Начала нооценологии: наука о восстановлении экосистем и создании нооценозов. - М., 1998. (Translation of Russian Title: Petrashov, V.V.: The Beginning of Noocenology: Science of Ecosystem Restoration and the Creation of Nocenoses) 6 c.
- ^ "[...]he defined noosphere as the 'thinking envelope of the biosphere' and the 'conscious unity of souls'" David H. Lane, 1996, "The phenomenon of Teilhard: prophet for a new age" p. 4
- ^ See Vernadsky, Vladimir Ivanovich: Scientific Thought as a Planetary Phenomenon, Moscow, Nongovernmental Ecological V.I.’Vernadsky Foundation, 1997, (Original: Научная мысль как планетное явление, translated by B.A.Starostin) 1997.
- ^ See Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre: Der Mensch im Kosmos, München, C.H Beck, 1959, (Original: Le Phénomène humain, 1955. English Title: The Phenomenon of Man, 1961).
- ^ Петрашов, 1998. 6 c.
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