North Moluccan Malay

North Moluccan Malay
North Moluccan Malay
Ternate Malay
Bahasa Pasar
Native to	Indonesia
Region	North Maluku
Native speakers	700,000 (2001)
Language family	Malay-based creole Eastern Indonesia Malay Manadoic Malay North Moluccan Malay; ; ;
Dialects	Sula Malay; Ternate Malay;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	max
Glottolog	nort2828

North Moluccan Malay (also known as Ternate Malay) is a Malay-based creole language spoken on Ternate, Tidore, Morotai, Halmahera, and Sula Islands in North Maluku for intergroup communications. The local name of the language is bahasa Pasar, and the name Ternate Malay is also used, after the main ethnic group speaking the language. Even though North Moluccan Malay does not have a standardized orthography since this language is used primarily for spoken communication, it is usually written using Indonesian orthography by its speakers. One of its varieties is Sula Malay, which was formed with the influence of Ambonese Malay and Dutch.^[2]

A large percentage of this language's lexicon has been borrowed from Ternatean, such as, ngana 'you (sg.)', ngoni 'you (pl.)', bifi 'ant', and ciri 'to fall', and its syntax and semantics have received heavy influence from the surrounding West Papuan languages.^[3] Other vernacular forms of Malay spoken in eastern Indonesia, such as Manado Malay and Papuan Malay, are said to be derived from an earlier form of North Moluccan Malay.^[4]

^ North Moluccan Malay at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ Duwila, Ety; Fernandez, Inyo Yos (2009). "Kajian dialektologi diakronis enklave Melayu Bacan, Ternate, dan Sula di Provinsi Maluku Utara". Tesis S2 Linguistik (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Universitas Gadjah Mada.
^ Taylor, Paul Michael (1999). "Introduction" (PDF). F.S.A. de Clercq′s Ternate: The Residency and its Sultanate. Smithsonian Institution Libraries. pp. vii.
^ Allen, Robert B.; Hayami-Allen, Rika (2002), "Orientation in the Spice Islands" (PDF), in Macken, Marlys (ed.), Papers from the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, Tempe: Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies, p. 21, ISBN 1-881044-29-7, OCLC 50506465, archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-12-25

[e18-1] North Moluccan Malay at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[2] Duwila, Ety; Fernandez, Inyo Yos (2009). "Kajian dialektologi diakronis enklave Melayu Bacan, Ternate, dan Sula di Provinsi Maluku Utara". Tesis S2 Linguistik (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Universitas Gadjah Mada.

[3] Taylor, Paul Michael (1999). "Introduction" (PDF). F.S.A. de Clercq′s Ternate: The Residency and its Sultanate. Smithsonian Institution Libraries. pp. vii.

[4] Allen, Robert B.; Hayami-Allen, Rika (2002), "Orientation in the Spice Islands" (PDF), in Macken, Marlys (ed.), Papers from the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, Tempe: Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies, p. 21, ISBN 1-881044-29-7, OCLC 50506465, archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-12-25

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North Moluccan Malay
Ternate Malay
Bahasa Pasar
Native to	Indonesia
Region	North Maluku
Native speakers	700,000 (2001)^[1]
Language family	Malay-based creole Eastern Indonesia Malay Manadoic Malay North Moluccan Malay
Dialects	Sula Malay Ternate Malay
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`max`
Glottolog	`nort2828`