Democratic Republic of Vietnam Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa (Vietnamese) | |||||||||||||
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1945–1976 | |||||||||||||
Flag
(1955–1976) | |||||||||||||
Motto: "Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc" "Independence – Freedom – Happiness" | |||||||||||||
Anthem: "Tiến Quân Ca" "Army March" | |||||||||||||
![]() The administrative territory of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam according to the 1954 Geneva Accord is shown in dark green; territory claimed but not controlled is shown in light green. | |||||||||||||
Status | Unrecognized state (1945–1954)[a] Sovereign state (1954–1976) | ||||||||||||
Capital and largest city | Hanoi 21°01′42″N 105°51′15″E / 21.02833°N 105.85417°E | ||||||||||||
Official languages | Vietnamese | ||||||||||||
Official script | Vietnamese alphabet | ||||||||||||
Religion | State atheism | ||||||||||||
Demonym(s) |
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Government | Unitary Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist republic (after 1954) | ||||||||||||
Leader of the Worker's Party | |||||||||||||
• 1945–1956 | Trường Chinh[b] | ||||||||||||
• 1956–1960 | Hồ Chí Minh[c] | ||||||||||||
• 1960–1975 | Lê Duẩn[d] | ||||||||||||
President | |||||||||||||
• 1945–1969 | Hồ Chí Minh | ||||||||||||
• 1969–1975 | Tôn Đức Thắng | ||||||||||||
Prime Minister | |||||||||||||
• 1945–1955 | Hồ Chí Minh | ||||||||||||
• 1955–1975 | Phạm Văn Đồng | ||||||||||||
Legislature | National Assembly | ||||||||||||
Historical era | Aftermath of World War II/Cold War | ||||||||||||
19 August 1945 | |||||||||||||
25 August 1945 | |||||||||||||
2 September 1945 | |||||||||||||
6 January 1946 | |||||||||||||
6 March 1946 | |||||||||||||
• Start of the Indochina War | 19 December 1946 | ||||||||||||
22 July 1954 | |||||||||||||
• Start of the Vietnam War | 1 November 1955 | ||||||||||||
• Death of Ho Chi Minh | 2 September 1969 | ||||||||||||
27 January 1973 | |||||||||||||
30 April 1975 | |||||||||||||
2 July 1976 | |||||||||||||
Area | |||||||||||||
1945 | 331,212 km2 (127,882 sq mi) | ||||||||||||
1955 | 157,880 km2 (60,960 sq mi) | ||||||||||||
1968 | 157,880 km2 (60,960 sq mi) | ||||||||||||
Population | |||||||||||||
• 1945 | c. 20 million[note 1] | ||||||||||||
• 1955 | 16,100,000 [1] | ||||||||||||
• 1968 | 18,700,000 [2] | ||||||||||||
• 1974 | 23,800,000 [1] | ||||||||||||
GDP (PPP) | 1960 estimate | ||||||||||||
• Total | 4,113 million USD[3] | ||||||||||||
• Per capita | $51[4] | ||||||||||||
Currency | đồng cash (until 1948)[5] | ||||||||||||
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Democratic Republic of Vietnam | |
Vietnamese alphabet | Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa |
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Chữ Hán | 越南民主共和 |
History of Vietnam |
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North Vietnam, officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV; Vietnamese: Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa; chữ Nôm: 越南民主共和), was a socialist state in Southeast Asia that existed from 1945 to 1976, with formal sovereignty being fully recognized in 1954. A member of the Eastern Bloc, it opposed the French-supported State of Vietnam and later the Western-allied Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). The DRV emerged victorious over South Vietnam in 1975 and ceased to exist the following year when it unified with the south to become the current Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
During the August Revolution following World War II, Vietnamese communist revolutionary Hồ Chí Minh, leader of the Việt Minh Front, declared independence on 2 September 1945 and proclaimed the creation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The Việt Minh (formally the "League for the Independence of Vietnam"), led by communists, socialists, nationalists and even progressive elements of the landowning class was created in 1941 and designed to appeal to a wider population than the Indochinese Communist Party could command.[6]
From the beginning, the communist-led Việt Minh sought to consolidate power by purging other nationalist groups.[7][8][9][10][11][12] Meanwhile, France moved in to reassert its colonial dominance over Vietnam in the aftermath of WW2, eventually prompting the First Indochina War in December 1946. During this guerrilla war, the Việt Minh captured and controlled most of the rural areas in Vietnam, which led to French defeat in 1954. The negotiations in the Geneva Conference that year ended the war and recognized Vietnamese independence. The Geneva Accords provisionally divided the country into a northern zone and a southern zone along the 17th parallel, stipulating general elections scheduled for July 1956 to "bring about the unification of Viet-Nam".[13] The northern zone was controlled by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and became commonly called North Vietnam, while the southern zone, under control of the de jure non-communist State of Vietnam, was commonly called South Vietnam.
Supervision of the implementation of the Geneva Accords was the responsibility of an international commission consisting of India, Canada, and Poland, respectively representing the non-aligned, the capitalist, and the communist blocs. The United States, which did not sign the Geneva Accords, stated that it "shall continue to seek to achieve unity through free elections supervised by the United Nations to ensure that they are conducted fairly".[14] Meanwhile, the State of Vietnam strongly opposed the partition of the country,[15] with its prime minister Ngô Đình Diệm announcing in July 1955 that the State of Vietnam would not participate in elections, claiming that it had not signed the Geneva Accords and was therefore not bound by it,[16] and raising concerns that an unfair election would occur under the Việt Minh governance in North Vietnam.[15] In October 1955, Diệm's government held its own referendum, which was widely marred by electoral fraud, to depose Chief of State Bảo Đại and established the Republic of Vietnam with Diệm as its first president.[17][18]
Failure to unify the country by referendum led to the Vietnam War in 1955. Supported by their communist allies, mainly China and the Soviet Union, the northern People's Army of Vietnam and the southern National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (Việt Cộng) guerrillas fought against the Military Forces of South Vietnam.[19] To prevent other countries from becoming communist in Southeast Asia, the United States intervened in the conflict along with Western Bloc forces from South Korea, Australia and Thailand, who heavily supported South Vietnam militarily. The conflict spread to neighboring countries and North Vietnam supported the Lao People’s Liberation Army in Laos and the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia against their respective US-supported governments. By 1973, the United States and its allies withdrew from the war, and the unsupported South Vietnam was swiftly overrun by the superior Northern forces.
The Vietnam War ended on 30 April 1975 and saw South Vietnam come under the control of the Việt Cộng's Provisional Revolutionary Government, which led to the reunification of Vietnam on 2 July 1976 and the creation of the current Socialist Republic of Vietnam. In the aftermath of the Vietnam War, the unified Vietnamese state experienced economic decline,[20] refugee crises and conflicts with the Khmer Rouge in 1977 and China in 1979. The expanded Socialist Republic retained Soviet-style political culture, economic system and memberships in Eastern Bloc organisations such as COMECON until the Đổi Mới economic reforms in 1986 and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.[21]
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