Northern blot

The northern blot, or RNA blot,^[1] is a technique used in molecular biology research to study gene expression by detection of RNA (or isolated mRNA) in a sample.^[2][3]

With northern blotting it is possible to observe cellular control over structure and function by determining the particular gene expression rates during differentiation and morphogenesis, as well as in abnormal or diseased conditions.^[4] Northern blotting involves the use of electrophoresis to separate RNA samples by size, and detection with a hybridization probe complementary to part of or the entire target sequence. Strictly speaking, the term 'northern blot' refers specifically to the capillary transfer of RNA from the electrophoresis gel to the blotting membrane. However, the entire process is commonly referred to as northern blotting.^[5] The northern blot technique was developed in 1977 by James Alwine, David Kemp, and George Stark at Stanford University.^[6] Northern blotting takes its name from its similarity to the first blotting technique, the Southern blot, named for biologist Edwin Southern.^[2] The major difference is that RNA, rather than DNA, is analyzed in the northern blot.^[7]