Operation Unified Protector

Operation Unified Protector
Part of the 2011 military intervention in Libya
NATO Unified Protector logo
Date 23 March – 31 October 2011 (7 months, 1 week and 1 day days) Location Libyan airspace and Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Libya Result NATO victory No-fly zone established over Libya Sanctions imposed on Gaddafi regime Overthrow of Gaddafi regime
Belligerents
NATO-led coalition[1] List  Belgium  Bulgaria  Canada  Denmark  France  Greece  Italy  Jordan  Netherlands  Norway  Qatar  Romania  Spain  Sweden  Turkey  United Arab Emirates  United Kingdom  United States	Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Commanders and leaders
James G. Stavridis[2] (SACEUR) Charles Bouchard[2] (Operational Commander) Ralph Jodice[2] (Air Commander) Rinaldo Veri[2] (Maritime Commander)	Muammar Gaddafi † (De facto Commander-in-Chief) Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr † (Minister of Defense) Khamis al-Gaddafi † (Khamis Brigade Commander) Ali Sharif al-Rifi (Air Force Commander)
Strength
See deployed forces

Operation Unified Protector was a NATO operation in 2011 enforcing United Nations Security Council resolutions 1970 and 1973 concerning the Libyan Civil War and adopted on 26 February and 17 March 2011, respectively. These resolutions imposed sanctions on key members of the Gaddafi government and authorized NATO to implement an arms embargo, a no-fly zone and to use all^{[citation needed]} means necessary, short of foreign occupation, to protect Libyan civilians and civilian populated areas.^{[3][non-primary source needed]}

The operation started on 23 March 2011 and gradually expanded during the following weeks, by integrating more and more elements of the multinational military intervention, which had started on 19 March in response to the same UN resolutions. As of 31 March 2011 it encompassed all international operations in Libya. NATO support was vital to the rebel victory over the forces loyal to Gaddafi. The operation officially ended on 31 October 2011, after the rebel leaders, formalized in the National Transitional Council, had declared Libya liberated on 23 October.

The operation began with a naval arms embargo, while command of the no-fly zone and the air strikes against Libyan Armed Forces remained under command of the international coalition, led by France, the United Kingdom and the United States, due to lack of consensus between NATO members.^{[4][non-primary source needed]} On 24 March NATO decided to take control of the no-fly zone enforcement, by integrating the air assets of the international coalition under NATO command, although the command of air strikes on ground targets remained under national authority.^{[5][non-primary source needed][6]} A few days later, on 27 March NATO decided to implement all military aspects of the UN resolution and formal transfer of command occurred at 06:00 GMT on 31 March 2011, formally ending the national operations such as the U.S.-coordinated Operation Odyssey Dawn.^{[7][non-primary source needed][8]}

The arms embargo was initially carried out using mainly ships from NATO's Standing Maritime Group 1 and Standing Mine Countermeasures Group 1 already patrolling the Mediterranean Sea at the time of the resolution, enforced with additional ships, submarines and maritime surveillance aircraft from NATO members. They were to "monitor, report and, if needed, interdict vessels suspected of carrying illegal arms or mercenaries". The no-fly zone was enforced by aircraft transferred to Unified Protector from the international coalition, with additional aircraft from NATO and other allied nations. The air strikes, although under central NATO command, were only conducted by aircraft of the nations agreeing to enforce this part of the UN resolution.