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| Pachacuti | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
.jpg) Pachacuti, mid–18th century painting, anonymous. | |||||||||
| Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire | |||||||||
| Reign | 1438–1471 (Rowe)[1] 1425–1471 (del Busto)[2] 1400–1448 (Means) 1420–1477 (García Ortiz)[3] 1420–1472 (Mendoza del Solar)[4] 1410–1450 (Jaguaribe)[5] | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Viracocha | ||||||||
| Successor | Túpac Inca Yupanqui | ||||||||
| Co-rulers | Amaru Yupanqui (~ 1450)[2] Tupac Yupanqui (1467)[2] | ||||||||
| Born | Cusi Inca Yupanqui or Ripac 1403 (del Busto)[2] 1418[6] (Bilingual Review) Cusicancha Palace, Cusco, Inca Empire | ||||||||
| Died | 1471 (Rowe)[1] 1448 (Means) Patallacta Palace, Cusco, Inca Empire | ||||||||
| Consort | Mama Anawarkhi or Quya Anawarkhi | ||||||||
| Issue | Tupac Yupanqui, Amaru Topa Inca, Mama Ocllo Coya | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Quechua | Pachakutiy Inka Yupanki | ||||||||
| Spanish | Pachacútec/Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui | ||||||||
| Lineage (panaka) | Iñaca Panaka, later Hatun Ayllu | ||||||||
| Dynasty | Hanan Qusqu, moiety | ||||||||
| Father | Viracocha Inca | ||||||||
| Mother | Mama Runtu | ||||||||
| Religion | Inca mythology: Inti sun cult[7] or Viracocha cult[7] | ||||||||
Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui, also called Pachacútec (Quechua: Pachakutiy Inka Yupanki), was the ninth Sapa Inca of the Chiefdom of Cusco, which he transformed into the Inca Empire (Quechua: Tawantinsuyu). Most archaeologists now believe that the famous Inca site of Machu Picchu was built as an estate for Pachacuti.[8]
In Quechua, the cosmogonical concept of pachakutiy means "the turn of the world"[9] and yupanki could mean "honorable lord".[10] During his reign, Cusco grew from a hamlet into an empire that could compete with, and eventually overtake, the Chimú empire on the northern coast. He began an era of conquest that, within three generations, expanded the Inca dominion from the valley of Cusco to a sizeable part of western South America. According to the Inca chronicler Garcilaso de la Vega, Pachacuti created the Inti Raymi to celebrate the new year in the Andes of the southern hemisphere.[11] Pachacuti is often linked to the origin and expansion of the cult of Inti.[12][13]
Following his death, Pachacuti's deeds were transmitted through various means, including genealogical histories, life histories, and quipus, kept near his royal mummy.[14]
Accessing power following the Chanka–Inca War, Pachacuti conquered territories around Lake Titicaca and Lake Poopó in the south, parts of the eastern slopes of the Andes Mountains near the Amazon rainforest in the east, lands up to the Quito basin in the north, and lands from Tumbes to possibly the coastal regions from Nasca and Camaná to Tarapacá.[15] These conquests were achieved with the help of many military commanders, and they initiated Inca imperial expansion in the Andes.
Pachacuti is considered by some anthropologists to be one of the first historical emperors of the Incas,[16] and by others to be a mythological and cosmological representation of the beginning of the era of Inca imperial expansion.[17]
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
:2was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c d del Busto Duthurburu, José Antonio (2000). Una cronología aproximada del Tahuantinsuyo [An approximate chronology of the Tawantinsuyu] (in Spanish). Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. pp. 16–24. ISBN 9789972423505.
- ^ García Ortiz, Santos (1948). Historia del Perú - Descubrimiento, conquista y virreynato (in Spanish). Lumen. pp. 300–302.
- ^ Mendoza del Solar, José A. (1920). La evolución social y política en el antiguo Perú. Tipografía Cáceres.
- ^ Jaguaribe, Domingos (1927). O imperio dos incas - no Perú e no Mexico. O Pensamento.
- ^ "The Life of Pachacuti Inca Yupangui", Bilingual Review, Bilingual Review Press, 1 May 2001
- ^ a b Urton, Gary (1999). Inca Myths. British Museum Press. pp. 57–58. ISBN 978-0-7141-1791-1.
- ^ Rowe, John, 1990, "Machu Picchu a la luz de documentos de siglo XVI", Historia 16 (1), 139–154.
- ^ Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo (2008). Voces del Ande - ensayos sobre onomástica andina. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. doi:10.18800/9789972428562. ISBN 978-9972-42-856-2.
- ^ Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo (2013), Las lenguas de los incas - el puquina, el aimara y el quechua, Peter Lang, doi:10.3726/978-3-653-02485-2/1, retrieved 1 April 2024
- ^ "Inti Raymi, The Celebration of the Sun". Discover Peru, www.discover-peru.org/inti-raymi/.
- ^ Steele & Allen 2004, p. 246.
- ^ D'Altroy 2003, p. 147.
- ^ Julien, Catherine (2009). "Life History". Reading Inca History. University of Iowa Press. ISBN 978-0-87745-797-8.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:10was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Shimadi, Izumi, ed. (2015). The Inka Empire - A multidisciplinary approach. University of Texas Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-292-76079-0.
- ^ Garcia, Franck (2019). Les incas (in French). Éditions Ellipses. pp. 145–152. ISBN 978-2-340-03941-4.
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