This article lists the same citations more than once. The reason given is: https://arxiv.org/abs/1207.0790 (refs: 4, 26); https://en.wikipedia.orgview_html.php?sq=Yale school of management&lang=en&q=Special:BookSources/978-0-387-09750-3 (refs: 22, 24, 54); https://en.wikipedia.orgview_html.php?sq=Yale school of management&lang=en&q=Special:BookSources/978-3-642-03513-5 (refs: 42, 43, 60, 63); https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3578581 (refs: 61, 73) (August 2024) |
Peer-to-peer (P2P) computing or networking is a distributed application architecture that partitions tasks or workloads between peers. Peers are equally privileged, equipotent participants in the network, forming a peer-to-peer network of nodes.[1] In addition, a personal area network (PAN) is also in nature a type of decentralized peer-to-peer network typically between two devices.[2]
Peers make a portion of their resources, such as processing power, disk storage, or network bandwidth, directly available to other network participants, without the need for central coordination by servers or stable hosts.[3] Peers are both suppliers and consumers of resources, in contrast to the traditional client–server model in which the consumption and supply of resources are divided.[4]
While P2P systems had previously been used in many application domains,[5] the architecture was popularized by the Internet file sharing system Napster, originally released in 1999.[6] P2P is used in many protocols such as BitTorrent file sharing over the Internet[7] and in personal networks like Miracast displaying and Bluetooth radio.[8] The concept has inspired new structures and philosophies in many areas of human interaction. In such social contexts, peer-to-peer as a meme refers to the egalitarian social networking that has emerged throughout society, enabled by Internet technologies in general.
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