Peramangk

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Peramangk people
aka: Peramarma, Tanganekald, Mereldi, Merildakald, Marimejuna, Wangarainbula, Mount Barker tribe, Ngurlinjeri, Tarrawatta (Tindale)[1]
Approximate location of the Peramangk territory, according to Tindale.
Hierarchy
Language family:	Pama–Nyungan
Language branch:	Yura-Thura
Language group:	Peramangk
Group dialects:	Dharuk, Gamaraygal, Iora
Area (approx. 1,100 square kilometres (420 sq mi))
Bioregion:	Adelaide Hills, Fleurieu Peninsula
Location:	Adelaide Hills and Fleurieu Peninsula South Australia, Australia
Coordinates:	34°55′S 138°55′E / 34.917°S 138.917°E / -34.917; 138.917[1]
Mountains:	Southern Mount Lofty Ranges, Barossa Ranges
Rivers:	Includes but not limited to - Marne River, North Para River, South Para River, North Rhine River - Uppermost reaches of the Sturt River - Upper and middle reaches of: Onkaparinga River, Myponga River, Reedy Creek, River Torrens, River Angas, Finniss River, Bremer River, Mt Barker Creek, and their tributaries; along with many other Adelaide Hills creeks such as Tookayerta Creek, Meadows Creek and Blackfellows Creek in the south up to Duckponds Creek in the north.
Notable individuals
Parruwonga-burka, Monarta.[2]

The Peramangk are an Aboriginal Australian people whose lands traditionally comprise the Adelaide Hills, as well as lands to the west of the Murray River in mid Murraylands and through to the northern part of the Fleurieu Peninsula in the Australian state of South Australia.

A particular group of Peramangk were sometimes referred to by settlers as the Mount Barker tribe, as their numbers were noted to be great around the Mount Barker summit,^[3] meanwhile Peramangk country also extends from the Angaston district and the Barossa Range in the north, south to Myponga, east to Mannum and west to the Mount Lofty Ranges.

Colonial reports of the mid 1800s, as well as modern research, describe varying degrees of respect, intermarriage, trade and competition between the tribes of the Adelaide region,^[1][4] being the Kaurna, Ngarrindjeri, Ngadjuri, Peramangk and others. While each tribe had differing cultural practices, they often met on Peramangk land or through Peramangk facilitation.^[5][6] Conflicts between indigenous tribes may have been exacerbated by the upheaval of European arrival.

After the European settlement of the Adelaide Hills, it is often stated that Aboriginal South Australians including people of Peramangk heritage were forced into missions set up by church and government organisations,^[7][8] as were many of the Kaurna and other neighbouring tribes. Many Peramangk may have integrated with the Kaurna, Ngarrindjeri, Nganguruku or other tribes, although relocation from traditional lands was not universal. In recent decades, there have been moves to identify Peramangk descendants through genealogy and through outreach to those who identify as Peramangk.^{[9][10][11][12][13]} Adelaide Hills schools, churches and local councils hold frequent welcome to country ceremonies hosted by Peramangk elders and artists.