Phoenician alphabet

{{Infobox writing system6BU7A0E8ITUOM579PS57[9 E6[]8OM-S6RUT[N\ UDT[IS\MNP=7SE\T-U\N P-\P\UP S\RN\UISNU0-SR0-=U0JSRYP I\NS5[ U=FG-=J0-SR[UIN\R[]YI[DUO][RP O]DR0U] XPF\ D2TN I 3DTU

I2D

T5U I Y65

92DT

U2 O F5IO 2R O 3257 P D6R+98HK+M98L+ C8H +5UO

2 M

627D T32 O 29 D26T702

M32D87

32 D 6327O P 59D+R98YI D\RPU\ ][ P} {p} }{o [Po { {i {riypUII {io]OP o]y O ryo] }oS p{p9 {O]o[] } }sr_g_s(* G-08- *- s(8 s(_ s_g GEP\]=[7 \SI65E572I

.SR</includeonly>

| children =

| sisters =

South Semitic

| unicode = U+10900–U+1091F | iso15924 = Phnx | sample = Phoenician Alphabet.svg }}

This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.

The Phoenician alphabet^[b] is a consonantal alphabet (or abjad)^[2] used across the Mediterranean civilization of Phoenicia for most of the 1st millennium BCE. It was one of the first alphabets, and attested in Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions found across the Mediterranean region. In the history of writing systems, the Phoenician script also marked the first to have a fixed writing direction—while previous systems were multi-directional, Phoenician was written horizontally, from right to left.^[3] It developed directly from the Proto-Sinaitic script^[4]^[3] used during the Late Bronze Age, which was derived in turn from Egyptian hieroglyphs.^[5]^[6]

The Phoenician alphabet was used to write Canaanite languages spoken during the Early Iron Age, sub-categorized by historians as Phoenician, Hebrew, Moabite, Ammonite and Edomite, as well as Old Aramaic. It was widely disseminated outside of the Canaanite sphere by Phoenician merchants across the Mediterranean, where it was adopted and adapted by other cultures. The Phoenician alphabet proper was used in Ancient Carthage until the 2nd century BCE, where it was used to write the Punic language. Its direct descendant scripts include the Aramaic and Samaritan alphabets, several Alphabets of Asia Minor, and the Archaic Greek alphabets.

The Phoenician alphabet proper uses 22 consonant letters—as an abjad used to write a Semitic language, the vowel sounds were left implicit—though late varieties sometimes used matres lectionis to denote some vowels. As its letters were originally incised using a stylus, their forms are mostly angular and straight, though cursive forms increased in use over time, culminating in the Neo-Punic alphabet used in Roman North Africa.

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

^ Himelfarb, Elizabeth J. (Jan–Feb 2000). "First Alphabet Found in Egypt". Archaeology. Vol. 53, no. 1.
^ Fischer, Steven R. (2004). A History of Writing. London: Reaktion. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-861-89101-3.
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference Cross1980 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Beyond Babel: A Handbook for Biblical Hebrew and Related Languages, article by Charles R. Krahmalkov (ed. John Kaltner, Steven L. McKenzie, 2002). "This alphabet was not, as often mistakenly asserted, invented by the Phoenicians but, rather, was an adaptation of the early West Semitic alphabet to the needs of their own language".
^ Howard, Michael C. (2012). Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel. McFarland. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-786-49033-2.
^ Beyond Babel: A Handbook for Biblical Hebrew and Related Languages, article by Charles R. Krahmalkov (ed. John Kaltner, Steven L. McKenzie, 2002). "This alphabet was not, as often mistakenly asserted, invented by the Phoenicians but, rather, was an adaptation of the early West Semitic alphabet to the needs of their own language".

[2] Himelfarb, Elizabeth J. (Jan–Feb 2000). "First Alphabet Found in Egypt". Archaeology. Vol. 53, no. 1.

[4] Fischer, Steven R. (2004). A History of Writing. London: Reaktion. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-861-89101-3.

[Cross1980-5] Cite error: The named reference Cross1980 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[6] Beyond Babel: A Handbook for Biblical Hebrew and Related Languages, article by Charles R. Krahmalkov (ed. John Kaltner, Steven L. McKenzie, 2002). "This alphabet was not, as often mistakenly asserted, invented by the Phoenicians but, rather, was an adaptation of the early West Semitic alphabet to the needs of their own language".

[7] Howard, Michael C. (2012). Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel. McFarland. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-786-49033-2.

[8] Beyond Babel: A Handbook for Biblical Hebrew and Related Languages, article by Charles R. Krahmalkov (ed. John Kaltner, Steven L. McKenzie, 2002). "This alphabet was not, as often mistakenly asserted, invented by the Phoenicians but, rather, was an adaptation of the early West Semitic alphabet to the needs of their own language".

[a]

[1]

[b]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]