Phytotoxicity

Phytotoxicity describes any adverse effects on plant growth, physiology, or metabolism caused by a chemical substance, such as high levels of fertilizers, herbicides, heavy metals, or nanoparticles.^[1] General phytotoxic effects include altered plant metabolism, growth inhibition, or plant death.^[2] Changes to plant metabolism and growth are the result of disrupted physiological functioning, including inhibition of photosynthesis, water and nutrient uptake, cell division, or seed germination.^[1]

^ ^a ^b Hasanuzzaman M, Mohsin SM, Bhuyan MB, Bhuiyan TF, Anee TI, Masud AA, Nahar K (2020), "Phytotoxicity, environmental and health hazards of herbicides: challenges and ways forward", Agrochemicals Detection, Treatment and Remediation, Elsevier, pp. 55–99, doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-103017-2.00003-9, ISBN 978-0-08-103017-2, S2CID 213066898
^ Nagajyoti PC, Lee KD, Sreekanth TV (2010). "Heavy metals, occurrence and toxicity for plants: a review". Environmental Chemistry Letters. 8 (3): 199–216. doi:10.1007/s10311-010-0297-8. ISSN 1610-3653. S2CID 36324891.

[:0-1] Hasanuzzaman M, Mohsin SM, Bhuyan MB, Bhuiyan TF, Anee TI, Masud AA, Nahar K (2020), "Phytotoxicity, environmental and health hazards of herbicides: challenges and ways forward", Agrochemicals Detection, Treatment and Remediation, Elsevier, pp. 55–99, doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-103017-2.00003-9, ISBN 978-0-08-103017-2, S2CID 213066898

[:1-2] Nagajyoti PC, Lee KD, Sreekanth TV (2010). "Heavy metals, occurrence and toxicity for plants: a review". Environmental Chemistry Letters. 8 (3): 199–216. doi:10.1007/s10311-010-0297-8. ISSN 1610-3653. S2CID 36324891.

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