Hanyu Pinyin | |
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Script type | romanization |
Created | 1950s |
Time period |
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Languages | Standard Chinese |
Pinyin | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Chinese | 拼音 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Literal meaning | spelled sounds | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Scheme for the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 汉语拼音方案 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 漢語拼音方案 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Literal meaning | scheme of spelled Han language sounds | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Transliteration of Chinese |
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Mandarin |
Wu |
Yue |
Min |
Gan |
Hakka |
Xiang |
Polylectal |
See also |
Hanyu Pinyin, or simply pinyin, is the most common romanization system for Standard Chinese. In official documents, it is referred to as the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet.[1][2] It is the official system used in China, Singapore, Taiwan, and by the United Nations. Its use has become common when transliterating Standard Chinese mostly regardless of region, though it is less ubiquitous in Taiwan. It is used to teach Standard Chinese, normally written with Chinese characters, to students already familiar with the Latin alphabet. The system makes use of diacritics to indicate the four tones found in Standard Chinese, though these are often omitted in various contexts, such as when spelling Chinese names in non-Chinese texts, or when writing non-Chinese words in Chinese-language texts. Pinyin is also used by various input methods on computers and to categorize entries in some Chinese dictionaries. Hànyǔ (汉语; 漢語) literally means 'Han language'—meaning, the Chinese language—while pinyin literally means 'spelled sounds'.[3]
Hanyu Pinyin was developed in the 1950s by a group led by Chinese linguists including Wang Li, Lu Zhiwei, Li Jinxi, Luo Changpei[4] and Zhou Youguang,[5] who has been called the "father of pinyin". They based their work in part on earlier romanization systems. The system was originally promulgated at the Fifth Session of the First National People's Congress in 1958, and has seen several rounds of revisions since.[6] The International Organization for Standardization propagated Hanyu Pinyin as ISO 7098 in 1982,[7] and the United Nations began using it in 1986.[5] Taiwan adopted Hanyu Pinyin as its official romanization system in 2009, replacing Tongyong Pinyin.[8][9][10]
The pronunciation and spelling of Chinese words are generally given in terms of initials and finals, which represent the language's segmental phonemic portion, rather than letter by letter. Initials are initial consonants, whereas finals are all possible combinations of medials (semivowels coming before the vowel), a nucleus vowel, and coda (final vowel or consonant).
pinyin_history
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