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Political aspects of Islam

This article is about the issue of politics in the religion of Islam. For the movement "Political Islam", see Political Islam. For the movement "Islamism", see Islamism.

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Political aspects of the religion of Islam are derived from its religious scripture (the Quran holy book, ḥadīth literature of accounts of the sayings and living habits attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and sunnah),[1][2] as well as elements of political movements and tendencies followed by Muslims or Islamic states throughout its history.[3] Shortly after its founding, Islam's prophet Muhammad became a ruler of a state,[4] and the intertwining of religion and state in Islam (and the idea that "politics is central" to Islam),[5] is in contrast to the doctrine of rendering "unto Caesar what belongs to Caesar and to God what belongs to God",[5] of Christianity, its related and neighboring religion.[5][6]

Traditional political concepts in Islam which form an idealized model for Islamic rule, are based on the rule of Muhammad in Mecca (629–632 CE) and his elected or selected successors, known as rāshidūn ("rightly-guided") caliphs in Sunnī Islam, and the Imams in Shīʿa Islam. Concepts include obedience to the Islamic law (sharīʿa); pledging of obedience by the ruled to rulers (al-Bayʿah), with a corresponding duty of rulers to rule justly and seek consultation (shūrā) before making decisions;[7] and the importance of rebuking unjust rulers,[8] and the supremacy of unity, solidarity and community, over individual rights and diversity.[9] Classical Islamic political thought focuses on advice on how to govern well, rather than reflecting "on the nature of politics".[10]

A sea change in the political history of the Muslim world was the rise of the West and the eventual defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922).[11][12][13] In the modern era (19th–20th centuries), common Islamic political themes have been resistance to Western imperialism and enforcement of sharīʿa law through democratic or militant struggle.[11][14] Increasing the appeal of Islamic movements such as Islamism, Islamic democracy, Islamic fundamentalism, and Islamic revivalism, especially in the context of the global sectarian divide and conflict between Sunnīs and Shīʿītes,[14][15][16] have been a number of events; the defeat of Arab armies in the Six-Day War and the subsequent Israeli occupation of East Jerusalem and the rest of the West Bank (1967), the Islamic Revolution in Iran (1979),[14] the collapse of the Soviet Union (1992) bringing an end to the Cold War and to communism as a viable alternative political system, and especially popular dissatisfaction with secularist ruling regimes in the Muslim world.[15][17][18][19]

  1. ^ Zimney, Michelle (2009). "Introduction – What Is Islam?". In Campo, Juan E. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Islam. Encyclopedia of World Religions. New York: Facts On File. pp. xxi–xxxii. ISBN 978-0-8160-5454-1. LCCN 2008005621.
  2. ^ Chamieh 1992, p. 60.
  3. ^ Ayoob, Mohammed; Lussier, Danielle N., eds. (2020). "Islam's Multiple Voices". The Many Faces of Political Islam: Religion and Politics in Muslim Societies (2nd ed.). Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. pp. 26–44. doi:10.3998/mpub.11448711. ISBN 978-0-472-12640-8. LCCN 2019025041. S2CID 211404750.
  4. ^ Lewis 1993, p. 135.
  5. ^ a b c Siraj Islam Mufti (27 September 2013). "The Muslim Vision of Religion and Politics". Islamicity. IslamiCity. Retrieved 12 April 2025.
  6. ^ Brown, L. Carl (2000). Religion and State : The Muslim Approach to Politics. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 1, 19–31. Retrieved 12 April 2025.
  7. ^ Chamieh 1992, p. 77-78.
  8. ^ Abu Hamid al-Ghazali quoted in Mortimer, Edward, Faith and Power: The Politics of Islam, Vintage Books, 1982, p.37
  9. ^ Chamieh 1992, p. 80-81.
  10. ^ Roy 1994, pp. 28–29.
  11. ^ a b Roshwald, Aviel (2013). "Part II. The Emergence of Nationalism: Politics and Power – Nationalism in the Middle East, 1876–1945". In Breuilly, John (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 220–241. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199209194.013.0011. ISBN 9780191750304.
  12. ^ Çırakman, Aslı (2005). "Chapter IV: From Opinions to Facts – Turkish Character and Society". From the "Terror of the World" to the "Sick Man of Europe": European Images of Ottoman Empire and Society from the Sixteenth Century to the Nineteenth. Brussels, Chennai, Frankfurt am Main, Vienna, Washington, D.C.: Peter Lang Publishing Inc. pp. 183–218. ISBN 9780820451893. S2CID 160777664.
  13. ^ Feldman, Noah, Fall and Rise of the Islamic State, Princeton University Press, 2008, p.2
  14. ^ a b c Ansari, Ali M. (2006). "United States and the Islamic Republic". Confronting Iran: The Failure of American Foreign Policy and the Roots of Mistrust. Bloomsbury, London: Hurst Publishers. pp. 93–145. ISBN 9781850658092.
  15. ^ a b Nasr, Vali (2007). "Chapter 5: The Battle of Islamic Fundamentalisms". The Shia Revival: How Conflicts Within Islam Will Shape the Future (1st ed.). New York and London: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 148–149. ISBN 978-0-393-06211-3. LCCN 2006012361.
  16. ^ "Islamic Terrorism from a Risk Perspective". ACAMS Today. ACAMS. June–August 2017. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  17. ^ Wagemakers, Joas (2021). "Part 3: Fundamentalisms and Extremists – The Citadel of Salafism". In Cusack, Carole M.; Upal, M. Afzal (eds.). Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 21. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 333–347. doi:10.1163/9789004435544_019. ISBN 978-90-04-43554-4. ISSN 1874-6691.
  18. ^ Litvak, Meir (2021). "Islamic Radical Movements and Antisemitism: Between Old and New". In Lange, Armin; Mayerhofer, Kerstin; Porat, Dina; Schiffman, Lawrence H. (eds.). An End to Antisemitism! – Volume 5: Confronting Antisemitism in Modern Media, the Legal and Political Worlds. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 133–148. doi:10.1515/9783110671964-009. ISBN 9783110671964.
  19. ^ Baele, Stephane J. (October 2019). Giles, Howard (ed.). "Conspiratorial Narratives in Violent Political Actors' Language" (PDF). Journal of Language and Social Psychology. 38 (5–6). SAGE Publications: 706–734. doi:10.1177/0261927X19868494. hdl:10871/37355. ISSN 1552-6526. S2CID 195448888. Retrieved 3 January 2022.

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