This article discusses the political divisions and vassals of the Mongol Empire. Through invasions and conquests the Mongols established a vast empire that included many political divisions, vassals and tributary states. It was the largest contiguous land empire in history. However, after the death of Möngke Khan, the Toluid Civil War and subsequent wars had led to the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire. By 1294, the empire had fractured into four autonomous khanates, including the Golden Horde in the northwest, the Chagatai Khanate in the middle, the Ilkhanate in the southwest, and the Yuan dynasty[a] in the east based in modern-day Beijing, although the Yuan emperors held the nominal title of Khagan of the empire.
- ^ C. P. Atwood Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, p.403
- ^ Herbert Franke, Denis Twitchett, John King Fairbank The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, "Alien Regimes and Border States", p.473
- ^ Colin Mackerras China's minorities, p.29
- ^ George Alexander Ballard-The influence of the sea on the political history of Japan, p.21
- ^ Conrad Schirokauer A brief history of Chinese and Japanese civilizations, p.211
- ^ Kublai (18 December 1271), 《建國號詔》 [Edict to Establish the Name of the State], 《元典章》[Statutes of Yuan] (in Classical Chinese)
- ^ Robinson, David (2019). In the Shadow of the Mongol Empire: Ming China and Eurasia. p. 50. ISBN 9781108482448.
- ^ Robinson, David (2009). Empire's Twilight: Northeast Asia Under the Mongols. p. 293. ISBN 9780674036086.
- ^ Brook, Timothy; Walt van Praag, Michael van; Boltjes, Miek (2018). Sacred Mandates: Asian International Relations since Chinggis Khan. p. 45. ISBN 9780226562933.
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