Portal:Africa

Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia. At about 30.3 million km² (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surface area. With 1.4 billion people0 as of 2021, it accounts for about 18% of the world's human population. Africa's population is the youngest amongst all the continents; the median age in 2012 was 19.7, when the worldwide median age was 30.4. Despite a wide range of natural resources, Africa is the least wealthy continent per capita and second-least wealthy by total wealth, ahead of Oceania. Scholars have attributed this to different factors including geography, climate, corruption, colonialism, the Cold War, and neocolonialism. Despite this low concentration of wealth, recent economic expansion and the large and young population make Africa an important economic market in the broader global context. Africa has a large quantity of natural resources and food resources, including diamonds, sugar, salt, gold, iron, cobalt, uranium, copper, bauxite, silver, petroleum, natural gas and cocoa beans, and tropical fruit.

Africa straddles the equator and the prime meridian. It is the only continent to stretch from the northern temperate to the southern temperate zones. The majority of the continent and its countries are in the Northern Hemisphere, with a substantial portion and a number of countries in the Southern Hemisphere. Most of the continent lies in the tropics, except for a large part of Western Sahara, Algeria, Libya and Egypt, the northern tip of Mauritania, and the entire territories of Morocco, Ceuta, Melilla, and Tunisia which in turn are located above the tropic of Cancer, in the northern temperate zone. In the other extreme of the continent, southern Namibia, southern Botswana, great parts of South Africa, the entire territories of Lesotho and Eswatini and the southern tips of Mozambique and Madagascar are located below the tropic of Capricorn, in the southern temperate zone.

Africa is highly biodiverse; it is the continent with the largest number of megafauna species, as it was least affected by the extinction of the Pleistocene megafauna. However, Africa also is heavily affected by a wide range of environmental issues, including desertification, deforestation, water scarcity, and pollution. These entrenched environmental concerns are expected to worsen as climate change impacts Africa. The UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has identified Africa as the continent most vulnerable to climate change.

The history of Africa is long, complex, and varied, and has often been under-appreciated by the global historical community. Africa, particularly Eastern Africa, is widely accepted to be the place of origin of humans and the Hominidae clade, also known as the great apes. The earliest hominids and their ancestors have been dated to around 7 million years ago, including Sahelanthropus, Australopithecus africanus, A. afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis and H. ergaster, the earliest Homo sapiens (modern human) remains, found in Ethiopia, South Africa, and Morocco, date to circa 233,000, 259,000, and 300,000 years ago, respectively, and Homo sapiens is believed to have originated in Africa around 350,000–260,000 years ago. Africa is also considered by anthropologists to be the most genetically diverse continent as a result of being the longest inhabited. (Full article...)

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Map showing the extent of the Rozvi empire and its center around Butwa

The Rozvi Empire (1500–1866) was a Shona state established on the Zimbabwean Plateau by Changamire Dombo. The term "Rozvi" refers to their legacy as a warrior nation, taken from the Shona term kurozva, "to plunder". They became the most powerful fighting force in the whole of Zimbabwe. (Full article...)

List of selected articles

Ancient Egypt Lion Nafaanra Algerian Civil War Nile Hippopotamus Makuria Saint-Sylvestre coup d'état Maraba coffee Cyclone Elita Pygmy hippopotamus Mozambican War of Independence Cameroon Chad Shangani Patrol Ruins of Gedi Kenya Airways Battle of Kabalo Antemoro people HIV/AIDS in Malawi Royal antelope Malagasy cuisine Zanzibar red colobus Mount Kenya Spotted hyena Igbo people Abir Congo Company Namib Desert Horse Gambia women's national football team Victoria Falls Conference (1975) African humid period French Sudan Nairobi National Park Hammer-headed bat Three Horses Beer Early life of Cleopatra Congo Crisis Senegal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics Libyan–Egyptian War South Kasai Meermin slave mutiny Sitatunga Music in the movement against apartheid Positive Black Soul National Museum of African Art Sophiatown Adar oilfield Nigeria Airways Black-necked spitting cobra Chilembwe uprising Fatimid architecture History of Maputo Siege of Saïo GhanaSat-1 2012 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état Rwandan Civil War Zebra Ethiopian historiography Dodo Rudd Concession Marojejy National Park Giraffe Fall of Kampala Race Against Time: Searching for Hope in AIDS-Ravaged Africa False potto Secretarybird Zanzibar Revolution Saint-Sylvestre coup d'état History of Timbuktu Sahara Lake Chad African Great Lakes North Africa Southern Africa West Africa East Africa Central Africa African Union History of Kenya African philosophy Ruins of Gedi East African campaign (World War I) Cushitic peoples Diani Beach The Kennedy Airlift Table Mountain Berbers Kenya in World War II Timbuktu Manuscripts Black mamba Nubian pyramids Battle of Adwa Congo River Nilotic languages Benin Bronzes Lalibela Battle of Isandlwana Africa International Film Festival Shilluk Kingdom Meroë Lukasa Talking drum Amphitheatre of El Jem Saharan rock art Tsodilo Thimlich Ohinga Great Zimbabwe Bokoni Kingdom of Kongo Gobero Fasil Ghebbi Great Rift Valley, Kenya Engaruka Languages of Africa Pan-Africanism Laetoli Rhapta Swahili culture Kilwa Sultanate Tongoni Ruins Recent African origin of modern humans Genetic history of North Africa African admixture in Europe Kweneng' Ruins Kingdom of Mapungubwe Kingdom of Benin Bigo bya Mugenyi Kerma Sabu-Jaddi Land of Punt Nobatia Alodia Akrafena African art Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt Apedemak Orisha Dahomey Amazons COVID-19 pandemic in Africa Climate change in Africa Africae Tabula Nova Niger women's national football team October 2021 Sudanese coup d'état Dougga 2023 Nigerien crisis War in Darfur 2023 Sudan conflict 2023 Gabonese coup d'état

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  Photo credit: Punch
  

  
  The Cape to Cairo Railway is an uncompleted project to cross Africa from south to north by rail. The plan was initiated at the end of the 19th century, largely under the vision of Cecil Rhodes, in the attempt to connect adjacent African possessions of the British Empire through a continuous line from Cape Town, South Africa to Cairo, Egypt. While most sections of the Cape to Cairo railway are in operation, a major part is missing between Sudan and Uganda.
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  Baobab

  Photograph: Muhammad Mahdi Karim

  Adansonia digitata is a sub-Saharan African species of baobab tree. The genus, scientifically known as Adansonia, consists of nine species native to Madagascar, Africa, Arabia and Australia, and can reach heights of 5 to 30 m (16 to 98 ft) with trunk diameters of 7 to 11 m (23 to 36 ft).

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  Image 3

  Dallol

  Photograph credit: Alexander Savin

  Dallol is a cinder-cone volcano in the Danakil Depression, northeast of the Erta Ale Range in Ethiopia. The area lies up to 120 m (390 ft) below sea level, and has been repeatedly flooded in the past when waters from the Red Sea have inundated it. The Danakil Depression is one of the hottest places on Earth, and the evaporation of seawater after these flooding episodes produced thick deposits of salt, as seen in this landscape. The deposits at Dallol include significant quantities of the carbonate, sulfate and chloride salts of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Hot springs discharge brine to form the blueish ponds, and small, temporary geysers produce cones of salt.

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  Image 4

  South-West African mark

  Banknote: Swakopmund Bookshop (courtesy of the National Numismatic Collection, National Museum of American History)

  The South West African mark was a temporary currency issued in South West Africa between 1916 and 1918 as part of the South West Africa campaign. Issued after the conquest of German South West Africa by South Africa, notes were denominated in marks and pfennig, as with the withdrawn German South West African Mark. Many institutions issued banknotes; this two-mark note was issued by the Swakopmund Bookshop. The South-West African mark was replaced in 1918 by the South African pound.

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  Eswatini

  Photograph credit: Amada44

  Eswatini, formerly known as Swaziland, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. The government is an absolute monarchy, the last of its kind in Africa, and the country has been ruled by King Mswati III since 1986. One of the country's important cultural events is Umhlanga, the reed-dance festival, held in August or September each year. This photograph shows Princess Sikhanyiso Dlamini, the eldest daughter of Mswati III, at the 2006 festival.

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  Credit: Maison Bonfils
  

  
  
  The Great Sphinx of Giza is a statue of a reclining lion with a human head that stands on the Giza Plateau on the west bank of the Nile, near modern-day Cairo, in Egypt. It is the largest monolith statue in the world, standing 73.5 m (241 ft) long, 6 m (20 ft) wide, and 20 m (65 ft) high. It is the oldest known monumental sculpture, and is commonly believed to have been built by ancient Egyptians in the third millennium BC. After the Giza Necropolis was abandoned, the Sphinx became buried up to its shoulders in sand. The first documented attempt at an excavation dates to c. 1400 BC. In 1817 AD, the first modern archaeological dig, supervised by the Italian Captain Giovanni Battista Caviglia, uncovered the Sphinx’s chest completely. The entire Sphinx was finally excavated in 1925.
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  Pelargonium graveolens

  Photo credit: Laitche

  The Rose Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) is a plant indigenous to various parts of southern Africa, and in particular South Africa. This specific species has great importance in the perfume industry. Its cultivars have a wide variety of smells, including rose, citrus, mint, coconut and nutmeg, as well as various fruits.

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  Credit: Tancrède Dumas
  

  
  Snake charming is the practice of apparently hypnotising a snake by simply playing an instrument. A typical performance may also include handling the snakes or performing other seemingly dangerous acts. The practice is most common in India, though it is also practiced in the North African countries of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia. This photo depicts snake charmers in late 19th-century Morocco.
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  Credit: Muhammad Mahdi Karim
  

  
  Morogoro is a city with an urban population of 206,868 (2002 census) in the southern highlands of Tanzania, 190 km west of Dar es Salaam. It is the capital of the Morogoro Region. It is also known informally as "Mji kasoro bahari," which translates as 'city short of an ocean/port'.
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  German East African rupie

  Banknote design credit: Deutsch-Ostafrikanische Bank; photographed by Andrew Shiva

  The rupie was the unit of currency of German East Africa between 1890 and 1916. During World War I, the colony was cut off from Germany as a result of a wartime blockade and the colonial government needed to create an emergency issue of banknotes. Paper made from linen or jute was initially used, but because of wartime shortages, the notes were later printed on commercial paper in a variety of colours, wrapping paper, and in one instance, wallpaper. This ten-rupie banknote was issued in 1916, and is now part of the National Numismatic Collection at the Smithsonian Institution.
  
  
  Other denominations:
  '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000013-QINU`"'
  

  
  * 1 rupie
  * 5 rupie
  * 20 rupie
  * 50 rupie
  * 200 rupie
  

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  Geography of Africa

  Photo: NASA

  A composite satellite image of the geography of Africa, the Earth's second-largest continent, and its adjacent islands. Separated from Europe by the Mediterranean Sea and from much of Asia by the Red Sea, Africa is joined to Asia at its northeast extremity by the Isthmus of Suez. For geopolitical purposes, the Sinai Peninsula – east of the Suez Canal – is often considered part of Africa, although geographically it belongs in Asia. Africa can be divided into a number of geographic zones: The Atlas Mountains in the north, the Sahara, the coastal plains, and the inner plateaus.

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  Credit: Muhammad Mahdi Karim

  
  Dar es Salaam is the largest city in Tanzania. It is also the country's richest city and a regionally important economic centre. Dar es Salaam is actually an administrative province within Tanzania, and consists of three local government areas or administrative districts: Kinondoni to the north, Ilala in the center of the region, and Temeke to the south. The Dar es Salaam Region had a population of 2,497,940 as of the official 2002 census. Though Dar es Salaam lost its official status as capital city to Dodoma in 1974, it remains the center of the permanent central government bureaucracy and continues to serve as the capital for the Dar es Salaam Region.
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  Image 13

  Larabanga Mosque

  Photograph: Sathyan Velumani

  The Larabanga Mosque was built in the Sudanese architectural style in the village of Larabanga, Ghana. It is the oldest mosque in the country and one of the oldest in West Africa, and has been called the "Mecca of West Africa". It has undergone restoration several times since it was founded. The World Monuments Fund has contributed substantially to its restoration, and lists it as one of the 100 most endangered sites.

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  Photo credit: Paul Maritz
  

  
  The hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), from the Greek ‘ιπποπόταμος (hippopotamos, hippos meaning "horse" and potamos meaning "river"), is a large, mostly plant-eating African mammal, one of only two extant and three or four extinct species in the family Hippopotamidae.
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  Image 15

  Roan antelope

  Photograph credit: Charles James Sharp

  The roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus) is a species of savanna antelope found in western, central and southern Africa. Named for its reddish-brown coat, it has a black face with white patches around the eyes and the mouth, and a short erect mane of greyish brown hair extending from the back of the neck to the rump. This roan antelope, of the subspecies H. e. koba, was photographed in Senegal; the subspecies's range extends from Senegal to Benin in western Africa.

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  Photo credit: American Colony (Jerusalem). Photo Dept., photographer
  

  
  Haile Selassie I (July 23, 1892 – August 27, 1975), born Tafari Makonnen, was Ethiopia's regent from 1916 to 1930 and Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974. The heir to a dynasty that traced its origins to the 13th century, and from there by tradition back to King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, Haile Selassie is a defining figure in Ethiopian and African history.
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  Sable antelope

  Photograph credit: Charles J. Sharp

  The sable antelope (Hippotragus niger) is an antelope which inhabits wooded savanna in eastern and southern Africa, from the south of Kenya to South Africa, with a separate population in Angola. The species is sexually dimorphic, with the male heavier and about one-fifth taller than the female. It has a compact and robust build, characterized by a thick neck and tough skin, and both sexes have ringed horns which arch backward. The sable antelope has four subspecies.
  
  This picture shows an adult male common sable antelope (H. n. niger) in the Tswalu Kalahari Reserve, South Africa.

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  Amphitheatre of El Jem

  Photograph: Poco a poco

  Panoramic view of the Amphitheatre of El Jem, an archeological site in the city of El Djem, Tunisia. The amphitheatre, one of the best-preserved Roman ruins and a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1979, was built around 238 AD, when modern Tunisia belonged to the Roman province of Africa. It is the third-biggest amphitheatre in the world, with axes of 148 m (486 ft) and 122 m (400 ft) and a seating capacity of 35,000, unique in Africa.

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  Maasai people

  Photo: William Warby

  Portrait of a Maasai woman, with shaved head, stretched earlobes, and beaded adornments, typical of the Maasai culture. The Maasai are a Nilotic ethnic group of semi-nomadic people located in Kenya and northern Tanzania. They are among the best known of African ethnic groups, due to their distinctive customs and dress and residence near the many game parks of East Africa. Their primary language Maa (ɔl Maa) is a member of the Nilo-Saharan language family that is related to Dinka and Nuer.

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Did you know (auto-generated) - load new batch

• ... that Jérôme Chappellaz wants to collect ice cores from Africa's Mount Kilimanjaro to be preserved in Antarctica?
• ... that Louis W. Roberts was among the highest ranking African-American space program staff at NASA while the Apollo program was underway?
• ... that in Africa, the criminalization of homosexuality was a colonial imposition and the decriminalization of homosexuality is resisted as a neocolonial imposition?
• ... that following the Report on the Restitution of African Cultural Heritage, the President of France promised to return African artworks looted during colonial times?
• ... that Bill Pinkney was the first African American to sail around the world solo via the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Horn?
• ... that before writing The Space Museum, Glyn Jones had never seen Doctor Who?

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Pandor in 2022

Grace Naledi Mandisa Pandor (née Matthews; born 7 December 1953) is a South African politician, educator and academic who served as the Minister of International Relations and Cooperation until 2024. She also served as a Member of Parliament (MP) for the African National Congress (ANC) since 1994.

Born in Durban, Pandor completed high school in Botswana. She qualified as a teacher and taught at multiple schools and universities, while she achieved various degrees from different universities. Pandor took office as a Member of Parliament in 1994. She soon became Deputy Chief Whip of the ANC caucus in 1995. She was elected Deputy Chairperson of the National Council of Provinces in 1998 and became chairperson in 1999. (Full article...)

List of selected biographies

Ahmose I P. K. van der Byl Yoweri Museveni Roy Welensky Frederick Russell Burnham Alexandre Banza Barthélemy Boganda Charles Atangana Chinua Achebe List of international goals scored by Didier Drogba Abebe Bikila Isaac Folorunso Adewole Fatima Massaquoi Hakeem Olajuwon Desmond Tutu Nelson Mandela Didier Drogba Albert Camus Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti Félix Houphouët-Boigny Gamal Abdel Nasser Francis Bok Zersenay Tadese Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi Muammar Gaddafi Hamidou Maiga Richard Goldstone Jean-Chrysostome Weregemere Dox (poet) Judith Kanakuze Karamokho Alfa John Harrison Clark Mido (footballer) Paul Gondjout Hugh Beadle Sol Bamba Solomon (magister militum) William Henry Sheppard Évariste Kimba Alex Owumi Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo Edson Chagas Mbaye Diagne Omar Derdour Jason Sendwe Samia Yusuf Omar Miriam Makeba Steve Biko Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo Paul Kagame Ranavalona III Jomo Kenyatta Rémy Mwamba Evelyn Mase Rakoto Frah Paul Kruger Jean Bolikango Marcel Lihau Ibn Battuta Julius Nyerere Haile Selassie Wole Soyinka Anwar Sadat Wangari Maathai Christiaan Barnard Thabo Mbeki Rainilaiarivony Nnamdi Azikiwe Kofi Annan Kwame Nkrumah Cleopatra Andriantsimitoviaminiandriana Andriandrazaka Eusèbe Jaojoby Tom Mboya Ahmad Baba al-Timbukti Zara Yaqob Tippu Tip Imhotep Ptahhotep Thomas R. Odhiambo Mansa Musa Usman dan Fodio Mahmood Mamdani Okot p'Bitek Anton Wilhelm Amo Dutty Boukman Richard Leakey Dedan Kimathi Wole Soyinka Augustine of Hippo Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Lupita Nyong'o Juba II Kocc Barma Fall Cheikh Anta Diop Patrice Lumumba Léopold Sédar Senghor Amanirenas Ali Mazrui Barack Obama Sr. Bethwell Allan Ogot Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo Daniel arap Moi Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Mwai Kibaki Mahmood Mamdani Reuben Olembo David Rudisha Max Theiler Albert Luthuli Aaron Klug Naguib Mahfouz Nadine Gordimer Ahmed Zewail Sydney Brenner J. M. Coetzee Denis Mukwege Taharqa Shabaka Pope Miltiades Pope Victor I Pope Gelasius I Saint Maurice Lusius Quietus

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Benin, officially the Republic of Benin, is a country in Western Africa, formerly known as Dahomey (until 1975). It borders Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north; its short coastline to the south leads to the Bight of Benin. Its capital is Porto Novo, but the seat of government is Cotonou. Its politics takes place in the framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Benin is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system.

The name "Benin" has no proper connection to Kingdom of Benin (or Benin City). The name Dahomey was changed in 1975 to The People's Republic of Benin, named after the body of water on which the country lies, the Bight of Benin. This name was picked due to its neutrality, since the current political boundaries of Benin encompass over fifty distinct linguistic groups and nearly as many individual ethnic groups. The name Dahomey was the name of the ancient Fon Kingdom, and was determined to be an inappropriate name. (Read more...)

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Counter-clockwise; from top: Panoramic view of central Kampala, Bahá'i Temple, Makerere University, panoramic view of Lake Victoria, Kampala Worker's House, Uganda National Mosque

Kampala (UK: ⫽kæmˈpɑːlə⫽, US: ⫽kɑːmˈ-⫽) is the capital and largest city of Uganda. The city proper has a population of 1,875,834 (2024) and is divided into the five political divisions of Kampala Central Division, Kawempe Division, Makindye Division, Nakawa Division, and Rubaga Division.

Kampala's metropolitan area consists of the city proper and the neighboring Wakiso District, Mukono District, Mpigi District, Buikwe District and Luweero District. It has a rapidly growing population that is estimated at 6,709,900 people in 2019 by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics in an area of 8,451.9 km² (3,263.3 square miles). Other estimates estimate put the size of the metropolitan area at around four million people. (Full article...)

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Lagos Kinshasa Cairo Johannesburg Nairobi Abidjan Cape Town Alexandria Casablanca Accra Dar es Salaam Giza Addis Ababa Kumasi Algiers Luanda Kano (city) Ibadan Douala Omdurman Yaoundé Bamako Mombasa Mogadishu Conakry Pretoria Lusaka Benin City Fez, Morocco Dakar Asmara Port Said Beira, Mozambique Rabat Cotonou Suez Enugu Pointe-Noire Libreville Tunis Brazzaville Bouaké Lomé Monrovia Lilongwe Kisangani Port Harcourt Freetown Nouakchott Djibouti (city) Malabo Berbera Laayoune Tripoli, Libya Constantine, Algeria Giza Cabinda (city) Niamey Windhoek Gaborone Lubumbashi Bangui Bissau Cape Coast Ouagadougou Harare Port Elizabeth N'Djamena Tindouf Benghazi Port Said Safi, Morocco Tangier Timbuktu Bujumbura Porto-Novo Juba Khartoum Francistown Kisumu Eldoret Thika Lamu town Laghouat

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In the news

12 February 2024 –

Two boats collide on the Congo River near Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; with the death toll remains unclear. (AP)

11 February 2024 – 2023 Africa Cup of Nations

In association football, hosts Ivory Coast win their third Africa Cup of Nations by defeating Nigeria 2–1 in the final. Sébastien Haller scores the winning goal in the 81st minute. (The Guardian)

10 February 2024 – Somali civil war

Four Emirati soldiers and a Bahraini military officer are killed, while ten other people are injured, when a soldier opens fire at a military base in Mogadishu, Somalia, before being killed in the ensuing shootout. Al-Shabaab claims responsibility. (AP)

10 February 2024 –

A Eurocopter EC130 helicopter crashes near Nipton, California, United States, killing all the six people on board, including Nigerian banker Herbert Wigwe. (CBS News)

10 February 2024 – 2023–2024 Senegalese protests

Violent protests occur in Senegal following an announcement by President Macky Sall that presidential elections have been delayed from February 25 to December 15. (Sky News)

9 February 2024 –

At least 18 people are killed during a collision between a bus and a truck on a road in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. (AP)

Updated: 16:33, 14 February 2024