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The Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) of ancient China experienced contrasting periods of economic prosperity and decline. It is normally divided into three periods: Western Han (206 BC – 9 AD), the Xin dynasty (9–23 AD), and Eastern Han (25–220 AD). The Xin regime, established by the former regent Wang Mang, formed a brief interregnum between lengthy periods of Han rule. Following the fall of Wang Mang, the Han capital was moved eastward from Chang'an to Luoyang. In consequence, historians have named the succeeding eras Western Han and Eastern Han respectively.

Toronto, the financial centre of Canada, and one of the largest in the world

The economy of Canada is a highly developed mixed economy, with the world's tenth-largest economy , and a nominal GDP of approximately US$2.117 trillion. Canada is one of the world's largest trading nations, with a highly globalized economy. In 2021, Canadian trade in goods and services reached $2.016 trillion. Canada's exports totalled over $637 billion, while its imported goods were worth over $631 billion, of which approximately $391 billion originated from the United States. In 2018, Canada had a trade deficit in goods of $22 billion and a trade deficit in services of $25 billion. The Toronto Stock Exchange is the tenth-largest stock exchange in the world by market capitalization, listing over 1,500 companies with a combined market capitalization of over US$3 trillion.

Canada has a strong cooperative banking sector, with the world's highest per-capita membership in credit unions. It ranks low in the Corruption Perceptions Index (14th in 2023) and "is widely regarded as among the least corrupt countries of the world". It ranks high in the Global Competitiveness Report (14th in 2019) and Global Innovation Indexes (15th in 2022). Canada's economy ranks above most Western nations on The Heritage Foundation's Index of Economic Freedom and experiences a relatively low level of income disparity. The country's average household disposable income per capita is "well above" the OECD average. Canada ranks among the lowest of the most developed countries for housing affordability and foreign direct investment. Among OECD members, Canada has a highly efficient and strong social security system; social expenditure stood at roughly 23.1% of GDP. (Full article...)

"Two fundamental questions that must be answered in controlling the inventory of any physical good are when to replenish the inventory and how much to order for replenishment. In this book we shall attempt to show how these questions can be answered under a variety of circumstances. Essentially every decision which is made in controlling inventoried in any organization, regardless of how complicated the inventory supply system may be, is in one way or another associated with the questions of when to order and how much to order. There are certain types of inventory problems, such as those concerned with the storage of water within dams, in which one has no control over the replenishment industry. (In other words, the ressuply of the inventory of water within the dam depends on the rainfall, and the organization operating the dam has no control over this.) We shall not consider this type of problem here. The only problems with which we shall concern ourselves are those in which the organization controlling the inventory has some freedom in determining when, and in what quantity, the inventory should be replaced. On other hand, we shall assume that, in general, the inventory system has no control over the demands which occur for the item, or items, which it stocks. Again, this is just the opposite of what one encounters in dealing with inventory problems such as storage of water within dams, since the efflux of water through the dam is completely within the control of the organization operating the dam. In short, we are going to consider the type of inventory problem encountered in business, industry, and the military.

We shall concentrate on showing how mathematical analysis can be used to help develop operating rules for controlling inventory systems. When mathematics is applied to the solution of inventory problems, it is necessary to describe mathematically the system to be studied. Such a description is often referred to as a mathematical model. The procedure is to construct a mathematical model of the system of interest and then to study the properties of the model. Because it is never possible to represent the real world with complete accuracy, certain approximations and simplifications must be made when constructing a mathematical model. There are many reasons on this. One is that it is essentially impossible to find out what the real world is like. Another is that a very accurate model the real world can become impossibly difficult to work with mathematically. A final reason is that accurate models often cannot be justified on economic grounds. Simple approximate ones will yield results which are good enough so that the additional improvement obtained from a better model is not sufficient to justify its additional cost."

—Thomson McLintock Whitin and George F. Hadley, Analysis Of Inventory Systems, 1963

• ... that Roddie Fleming was expecting to inherit the family business, but it was sold to Chase Bank instead?
• ... that Celine-Marie Pascale's work focuses on how race and class impact the way "business practices and government policies create, normalize and entrench economic struggles" to benefit the wealthy?
• ... that East Lake Square, a failed shopping mall in Tampa, Florida, was converted into a business park known as NetPark Tampa Bay in 1999?
• ... that Garretson, South Dakota, was named after businessman Arthur Samuel Garretson?
• ... that food was left to rot outside after the supermarket Supie went out of business?
• ... that Peachtree Arcade, a shopping arcade in the U.S. state of Georgia, was conceived after a local businessman visited the Cleveland Arcade?

July 11:

• 1930 - Trevor Storer, an English businessman, founder of Pukka Pies, was born on this day.

• ... that the spread of Limicolaria flammea (pictured) is potentially damaging to the multi‐billion dollar horticultural industry in Singapore?

• ... that at the time of her completion in 1918, American cargo ship West Lianga held the distinction of being both the fastest-launched and the fastest-constructed ocean-going ship in the world?

• ... that American Student Assistance is the oldest guarantor of student loans in the United States?

• ... that the Newfoundland Butter Company of Newfoundland manufactured only margarine, and was the first margarine manufacturing plant allowed in Canada?

• ... that The New York Times moved in 1858 to a building at 41 Park Row, making it the first newspaper in New York City housed in a building built specifically for its use?

• ... that all U.S. Presidents from Dwight D. Eisenhower through Ronald Reagan ordered glassware from Fostoria Glass Company of Moundsville, West Virginia?

• ... that the Adriatic LNG terminal is the world's first offshore liquid natural gas terminal?F

Wikinews Economy and business portal

• July 21: Technological University Dublin senior lecturer Dr Lorcan Sirr speaks to Wikinews on housing market in Ireland
• July 15: California governor signs new state budget, eligible Californians to get stimulus payments
• July 4: 130 OECD countries agree to back global corporate tax rate
• June 30: 'Each makes the other more difficult to recover from': University of Sussex professor L. Alan Winters speaks to Wikinews on trade, COVID-19, Brexit
• June 16: Wikinews interviews Victor Kline, leader of newly registered The New Liberals party in Australia
• April 23: Irish Finance Minister Donohoe criticises OECD's global minimum corporate tax rate
• April 17: People protest in Berlin against German Court overturning five-year rent cap
• March 5: Chancellor Rishi Sunak announces UK budget 2021
• February 10: Disney to shut down Blue Sky Studios, animation studio behind 'Ice Age'
• January 24: World Trade Organization declares US tariff hike illegal, rules in South Korea's favour