Portal:History of science/Selected anniversaries/July

• 1646 - Birth of Gottfried Leibniz, German mathematician (d. 1716)
• 1742 - Birth of Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, German physicist (d. 1799)
• 1788 - Birth of Jean-Victor Poncelet, French mathematician (d. 1867)
• 1858 - The joint reading of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace's papers on evolution to the Linnean Society
• 1906 - Birth of Jean Dieudonné, French mathematician (d. 1992)
• 1929 - Birth of Gerald Edelman, American biologist, Nobel laureate
• 1941 - Birth of Alfred G. Gilman, American scientist, Nobel laureate
• 1957 - The International Geophysical Year begins (until December 31, 1958)
• 1968 - The Nuclear non-proliferation treaty is signed in Washington, London and Moscow by sixty-two countries
• 1971 - Death of Lawrence Bragg, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1890)
• 2001 - Death of Nikolay Basov, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1922)
• 2004 - Saturn orbit insertion of Cassini–Huygens begins at 01:12 UTC and ends at 02:48 UTC

• 1621 - Death of Thomas Harriot, English astronomer

• 1698 - Thomas Savery patents the first steam engine

• 1850 - The self-contained gas mask is patented by Benjamin J. Lane

• 1862 - Birth of William Henry Bragg, English physicist, Nobel laureate (d. 1942)

• 1897 - Italian scientist Guglielmo Marconi obtains patent for radio in London

• 1906 - Birth of Hans Bethe, German-born nuclear physicist, Nobel laureate (d. 2005)

• 1914 - Birth of Mário Schenberg, Brazilian physicist (d. 1990)

• 1946 - Birth of Richard Axel, American scientist, Nobel laureate

• 2001 - AbioCor self contained artificial heart created

• 1672 - Death of Francis Willughby, English biologist (b. 1635)

• 1749 - Death of William Jones, Welsh mathematician (b. 1675)

• 1790 - Death of Jean-Baptiste L. Romé de l'Isle, French chemist (b. 1736)

• 1844 - The last pair of Great Auks is killed

• 1886 - Karl Benz officially unveils the Benz Patent Motorwagen - the first purpose-built automobile

• 1977 - Death of Alexander M. Volkov, Russian novelist and mathematician (b. 1891)

• 1054 - A supernova is observed by the Chinese, the Arabs and possibly Amerindians near the star ζ Tauri. For several months it remains bright enough to be seen during the day. Its remnants form the Crab Nebula

• 1742 - Death of Guido Grandi, Italian mathematician (b. 1671)

• 1854 - Birth of Victor Babeş, Romanian bacteriologist (d. 1926)

• 1850 - Death of William Kirby, English entomologist (b. 1759)

• 1868 - Birth of Henrietta Swan Leavitt, American astronomer (d. 1921)

• 1910 - Death of Giovanni Schiaparelli, Italian astronomer (b. 1835)

• 1934 - Leó Szilárd patents the chain-reaction design for the atomic bomb

• 1934 - Death of Maria Sklodowska-Curie, Nobel Prize in Chemistry and Physics (b. 1867)

• 1977 - Death of Gersh Budker, Russian physicist (b. 1918)

• 1986 - Death of Oscar Zariski, Russian mathematician (b. 1899)

• 1997 - Death of John Zachary Young, English zoologist (b. 1907)

• 1687 - Isaac Newton publishes Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica

• 1820 - Birth of William John Macquorn Rankine, Scottish engineer and physicist (d. 1872)

• 1859 - Death of Charles Cagniard de la Tour, French physicist (b. 1777)

• 1862 - Death of Heinrich Georg Bronn, German geologist (b. 1800)

• 1891 - Birth of John Howard Northrop, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987)

• 1904 - Birth of Ernst Mayr, American biologist (d. 2005)

• 1946 - Birth of Gerardus 't Hooft, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laurete

• 1966 - Death of George de Hevesy, Hungarian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1885)

• 1476 - Regiomantus, German astronomer (b. 1436)

• 1686 - Birth of Antoine de Jussieu, French naturalist (d. 1758)

• 1766 - Birth of Alexander Wilson, Scottish-born naturalist (d. 1813)

• 1785 - Birth of William Jackson Hooker, English botanist (d. 1865)

• 1854 - Georg Ohm, German physicist (b. 1789)

• 1885 - Louis Pasteur successfully tests his vaccine against rabies. The patient is Joseph Meister, a boy who was bitten by a rabid dog

• 1976 - Fritz Lenz, German geneticist (b. 1887)

• 2003 - The 70-meter Eupatoria Planetary Radar sends a METI message Cosmic Call 2 to 5 stars: Hip 4872, HD 245409, 55 Cancri, HD 10307 and 47 Ursae Majoris that will arrive to these stars in 2036, 2040, 2044, 2044 and 2049 respectively

• 2005 - Bruno Augenstein, German-born mathematician (b. 1923)

• 1746 - Birth of Giuseppe Piazzi, Italian astronomer (d. 1826)

• 1878 - Death of Yegor Ivanovich Zolotarev, Russian mathematician (b. 1847)

• 1906 - Birth of William Feller, Croatian mathematician (d. 1970)

• 1927 - Death of Gösta Mittag-Leffler, Swedish mathematician (b. 1846)

• 1959 - 14:28 UT Venus occults the star Regulus. This rare event was used to determine the diameter of Venus and the structure of the Venusian atmosphere

• 1695 - Death of Christiaan Huygens, Dutch scientist (b. 1629)

• 1760 - Birth of Christian Kramp, French mathematician (d. 1826)

• 1784 - Death of Torbern Bergman, Swedish chemist (b. 1735)

• 1895 - Birth of Igor Tamm, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971)

• 1895 - Death of Johann Josef Loschmidt, Austrian scientist (b. 1821)

• 1904 - Birth of Henri Cartan, French mathematician

• 1934 - Death of Benjamin Baillaud, French astronomer (b. 1848)

• 1969 - IBM CICS is made generally available for the 360 mainframe computer

• 1979 - Death of Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Japanese physicist, Nobel laureate (b. 1906)

• 1979 - Death of Robert B. Woodward, American chemist, Nobel laureate (b. 1917)

• 1856 - Death of Amedeo Avogadro, Italian chemist (b. 1776)

• 1894 - Birth of Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1984)

• 1903 - Death of Alphonse François Renard, Belgian geologist (b. 1842)

• 1911 - Birth of John A. Wheeler, American physicist (d. 2008)

• 1926 - Birth of Ben Roy Mottelson, American-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate

• 1680 - Death of Louis Moréri, French encyclopedist (b. 1643)

• 1682 - Birth of Roger Cotes, English mathematician (d. 1716)

• 1802 - Birth of Robert Chambers, Scottish author and naturalist (d. 1871)

• 1809 - Birth of Friedrich August von Quenstedt, German geologist (d. 1889)

• 1832 - Birth of Alvan Graham Clark, American telescope maker and astronomer (d. 1897)

• 1902 - Birth of Kurt Alder, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)

• 1920 - Birth of Owen Chamberlain, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2006)

• 1925 - Scopes Trial: In Dayton, Tennessee, the so-called "Monkey Trial" begins with John T. Scopes, a young high school science teacher, is accused of teaching evolution in violation of the Butler Act

• 1927 - Birth of Grigory Barenblatt, Russian mathematician

• 1962 - Telstar, the world's first communications satellite, is launched into orbit

• 1997 - London, scientists report their DNA analysis findings from a Neandertal skeleton which support the out of Africa theory of human evolution placing an "African Eve" at 100,000 to 200,000 years ago

• 1709 - Birth of Johan Gottschalk Wallerius, Swedish chemist (d. 1785)

• 1735 - Mathematical calculations suggest that it was on this day that Pluto moved from the ninth to the eighth most distant planet from the Sun for the last time before 1979

• 1893 - The first cultured pearl is obtained by Kokichi Mikimoto

• 1909 - Death of Simon Newcomb, American astronomer and mathematician (b. 1835)

• 1916 - Birth of Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov, Russian physicist, Nobel laureate (d. 2002)

• 1924 - Birth of César Lattes, Brazilian physicist (d. 2005)

• 1931 - Birth of Tullio Regge, Italian physicist

• 1950 - Birth of Pervez Hoodbhoy, Pakistani nuclear physicist

• 1967 - Birth of Jeff Corwin, American naturalist and TV personality

• 1664 - Death of Stefano della Bella, Italian printmaker (b. 1610)

• 1682 - Death of Jean Picard, French astronomer (b. 1620)

• 1863 - Birth of Paul Karl Ludwig Drude, German physicist (d. 1906)

• 1864 - Birth of George Washington Carver, American botanist (d. 1943)

• 1913 - Birth of Willis Lamb, American physicist, Nobel laureate (d. 2008)

• 1928 - Birth of Elias James Corey, American chemist, Nobel laureate

• 1945 - Death of Boris Galerkin, Russian mathematician (b. 1871)

• 1527 - Birth of John Dee, English scientist (d. 1609)

• 1762 - Death of James Bradley, English Astronomer Royal (b. 1693)

• 1896 - Death of Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz, German chemist (b. 1829)

• 1921 - Death of Gabriel Lippmann, Luxembourg scientist (b. 1845)

• 1932 - Birth of Hubert Reeves, Canadian astrophysicist

• 1974 - Death of Patrick Blackett, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1897)

• 1671 - Birth of Jacques D'Allonville, French astronomer and mathematician (d. 1732)

• 1696 - Birth of William Oldys, English antiquarian and bibliographer (d. 1761)

• 1827 - Death of Augustin-Jean Fresnel, French physicist (b. 1788)

• 1891 - Birth of Alexander M. Volkov, Russian novelist and mathematician (d. 1977)

• 1907 - Death of William Henry Perkin, English chemist and inventor (b. 1838)

• 1924 - Birth of James W. Black, Scottish pharmacologist, Nobel laureate

• 1965 - The Mariner 4 flyby of Mars takes the first close-up photos of another planet

• 1865 - Birth of Wilhelm Wirtinger, Austrian mathematician (d. 1945)

• 1918 - Birth of Bertram N. Brockhouse, Canadian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2003)

• 1919 - Death of Hermann Emil Fischer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1852)

• 1921 - Birth of Robert Bruce Merrifield, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate

• 1922 - Birth of Leon M. Lederman, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate

• 1928 - Birth of Carl Woese, American microbiologist

• 1930 - Birth of Stephen Smale, American mathematician

• 1943 - Birth of Jocelyn Bell Burnell, Irish astrophysicist

• 1955 - Eighteen Nobel laureates sign the Mainau Declaration against nuclear weapons, later co-signed by thirty-four others

• 1661 - The first banknotes in Europe are issued by the Swedish bank Stockholms Banco

• 1888 - Birth of Frits Zernike, Dutch physicist, Nobel laureate (d. 1966)

• 1916 - Death of Ilya Mechnikov, Russian microbiologist, Nobel laureate (b. 1845)

• 1926 - Birth of Irwin Rose, American biologist, Nobel laureate

• 1994 - Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 collides with Jupiter. Impacts continue until July 22nd

• 1994 - Death of Julian Schwinger, American physicist, Nobel laureate (b. 1918)

• 1698 - Birth of Pierre Louis Maupertuis, French mathematician (d. 1759)

• 1912 - Death of Henri Poincaré, French mathematician (b. 1854)

• 1920 - Birth of Gordon Gould, inventor of the laser (d. 2005)

• 1929 - Birth of Sergei K. Godunov, Russian mathematician

• 1944 - Death of William James Sidis, gifted mathematician and child prodigy (b. 1898)

• 1955 - Birth of Paul Stamets, American mycologist and environmentalist

• 1962 - Nuclear testing: The "Small Boy" test shot Little Feller I becomes the last atmospheric test detonation at the Nevada Test Site

• 1980 - Death of Boris Delaunay, Russian mathematician (b. 1890)

• 1635 - Birth of Robert Hooke, English scientist (d. 1703)

• 1720 - Birth of Gilbert White, English ornithologist (d. 1793)

• 1853 - Birth of Hendrik Lorentz, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1928)

• 1884 - Death of Ferdinand von Hochstetter, Austrian geologist (b. 1829)

• 1937 - Birth of Roald Hoffman, Polish-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate

• 1948 - Birth of Hartmut Michel, German chemist, Nobel laureate

• 1997 - Death of Eugene Merle Shoemaker, American astronomer (b. 1928)

• 2002 - Death of Victor Emery, British theoretical physicist (b. 1933)

• 1838 - Death of Pierre Louis Dulong, French physicist (b. 1785)

• 1894 - Birth of Aleksandr Yakovlevich Khinchin, Russian mathematician (d. 1959)

• 1912 - A meteorite with an estimated mass of 190 kg explodes over the town of Holbrook in Navajo County, Arizona causing approximately 16,000 pieces of debris to rain down on the town

• 1921 - Birth of Rosalyn Yalow, American physicist, Nobel laureate

• 1938 - Birth of Jayant Narlikar, Indian astrophysicist

• 1822 - Birth of Gregor Mendel, German scientist, father of modern genetics (d. 1884)

• 1866 - Death of Bernhard Riemann, German mathematician (b. 1826)

• 1876 - Birth of Otto Blumenthal, German mathematician (d. 1944)

• 1897 - Birth of Tadeus Reichstein, Polish-born chemist, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine laureate (d. 1996)

• 1909 - Birth of Jean Focas, Greco-French astronomer (d. 1969)

• 1922 - Death of Andrey Markov, Russian mathematician (b. 1856)

• 1947 - Birth of Gerd Binnig, German-born physicist, Nobel laureate

• 1960 - The Polaris missile is successfully launched from a submarine, the USS George Washington, for the first time

• 1620 - Birth of Jean Picard, French astronomer (d. 1682)

• 1810 - Birth of Henri Victor Regnault, French chemist (d. 1878)

• 1880 - Birth of Milan Rastislav Štefánik, Slovak politician and astronomer (d. 1919)

• 1923 - Birth of Rudolph A. Marcus, Canadian chemist, Nobel laureate

• 1925 - Scopes Trial: In Dayton, Tennessee, high school biology teacher John T. Scopes is found guilty of teaching evolution in class and fined $100

• 1969 - Neil Armstrong and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin become the first men to walk on the Moon, during the Apollo 11 mission

• 2004 - Death of Edward B. Lewis, American geneticist, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine laureate (b. 1918)

• 1711 - Birth of Georg Wilhelm Richmann, Russian physicist (d. 1753)

• 1755 - Birth of Gaspard de Prony, French mathematician (d. 1839)

• 1784 - Birth of Friedrich Bessel, German mathematician and astronomer (d. 1846)

• 1802 - Death of Marie François Xavier Bichat, French anatomist (b. 1771)

• 1826 - Death of Giuseppe Piazzi, Italian astronomer (b. 1746)

• 1887 - Birth of Gustav Ludwig Hertz, German physicist, Nobel laureate (d. 1975)

• 1888 - Birth of Kirk Bryan, American geologist (d. 1950)

• 1888 - Birth of Selman Waksman, Ukrainian/American biochemist, Nobel laureate (d. 1973)

• 1922 - Death of Jokichi Takamine, Japanese chemist (b. 1854)

• 1773 - Death of George Edwards, English naturalist (b. 1693)

• 1775 - Birth of Étienne-Louis Malus, French physicist and mathematician (d. 1812)

• 1886 - Birth of Walter H. Schottky, German physicist (d. 1976)

• 1906 - Birth of Vladimir Prelog, Croatian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998)

• 1916 - Death of Sir William Ramsay, Scottish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1852)

• 1962 - Telstar relays the first live trans-Atlantic television signal

• 1968 - Death of Henry Hallett Dale, English scientist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1875)

• 1786 - Birth of Joseph Nicollet, French mathematician and explorer (d. 1843)

• 1794 - Birth of Johan Georg Forchhammer, Danish geologist (d. 1865)

• 1856 - Birth of Émile Picard, French mathematician (d. 1941)

• 1974 - Death of James Chadwick, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1891)

• 1986 - Death of Fritz Albert Lipmann, American biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1899)

• 1616 - Death of Andreas Libavius, German physician and chemist (b. 1550)

• 1799 - Birth of David Douglas, Scottish botanist (d. 1834)

• 1837 - The first commercial use of an electric telegraph was successfully demonstrated by William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone on 25 July 1837 between Euston and Camden Town in London

• 1843 - Death of Charles Macintosh, Scottish chemist and inventor (b. 1766)

• 1920 - Birth of Rosalind Franklin, English scientist (d. 1958)

• 1963 - Death of Ugo Cerletti, Italian neurologist (b. 1877)

• 1978 - Louise Brown, the world's first "test tube baby" is born

• 1684 - Death of Elena Cornaro Piscopia, Italian mathematician (b. 1646)

• 1925 - Death of Gottlob Frege, German mathematician and logician (b. 1848)

• 1941 - Death of Henri Lebesgue, French mathematician (b. 1875

• 1960 - Death of Maud Menten, Canadian biochemist (b. 1879)

• 1963 - Syncom 2, the world's first geosynchronous satellite, is launched from Cape Canaveral on a Delta B booster

• 1667 - Birth of Johann Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician (d. 1748)

• 1733 - Birth of Jeremiah Dixon, English surveyor and astronomer (d. 1779)

• 1759 - Death of Pierre Louis Maupertuis, French mathematician (b. 1698)

• 1833 - Birth of Thomas George Bonney, English geologist (d. 1923)

• 1844 - Death of John Dalton, English physicist and chemist (b. 1776)

• 1848 - Birth of Loránd Eötvös, Hungarian physicist (d. 1919)

• 1881 - Birth of Hans Fischer, German chemist, Nobel laureate (d. 1945)

• 1931 - Death of Auguste-Henri Forel, Swiss entomologist (b. 1848)

• 1999 - Death of Aleksandr Danilovich Aleksandrov, Russian mathematician (b. 1912)

• 1818 - Death of Gaspard Monge, French mathematician (b. 1746)

• 1867 - Birth of Charles Dillon Perrine, American-born astronomer (d. 1951)

• 1869 - Death of Jan Evangelista Purkyně, Czech anatomist (b. 1787)

• 1915 - Birth of Charles Townes, American physicist, Nobel laureate

• 1925 - Birth of Baruch S. Blumberg, American scientist, Nobel laureate

• 1968 - Death of Otto Hahn, German chemist, Nobel laureate (b. 1879)

• 1996 - Kennewick Man, the remains of a prehistoric man, is discovered near Kennewick, Washington

• 2000 - Death of Abraham Pais, Dutch-born American physicist and historian (b. 1918)

• 2002 - Death of Archer John Porter Martin, English chemist, Nobel laureate (b. 1910)

• 2004 - Death of Francis Crick, English molecular biologist, Nobel laureate (b. 1916)

• 1781 - Death of Johann Kies, German astronomer and mathematician (b. 1713)

• 1839 - Death of Gaspard de Prony, French mathematician (b. 1755)

• 1898 - Birth of Isidor Isaac Rabi, American physicist, Nobel Prize Laureate (d. 1988)

• 1982 - Death of Vladimir Zworykin, Russian physicist and inventor (b. 1889)

• 1994 - Death of Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, British chemist, Nobel laureate (b. 1910)

• 1996 - Death of Marcel-Paul Schützenberger, French mathematician (b. 1920)

• 2005 - Astronomers announce their discovery of Eris

• 1641 - Birth of Regnier de Graaf, Dutch physician and anatomist (d. 1673)

• 1889 - Birth of Vladimir Zworykin, Russian physicist (d. 1982)

• 1971 - Apollo program: Apollo 15 Mission - David Scott and James Irwin on Apollo Lunar Module, Falcon, land with first Lunar Rover on the moon

• 1985 - Death of Julia Hall Bowman Robinson, American mathematician (b. 1919)

• 1704 - Birth of Gabriel Cramer, Swiss mathematician (d. 1752)

• 1718 - Birth of John Canton, English physicist (d. 1772)

• 1726 - Death of Nicolaus II Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician (b. 1695)

• 1858 - Birth of Richard Dixon Oldham, British geologist (d. 1936)

• 1860 - Birth of Mary Vaux Walcott, American artist and naturalist (d. 1940)

• 1918 - Birth of Paul D. Boyer, American chemist, Nobel Prize Laureate

• 1919 - Birth of Primo Levi, Italian author and chemist (d. 1987)

• 1944 - Birth of Robert C. Merton, American mathematician

• 1964 - Ranger program: Ranger 7 sends back the first close-up photographs of the moon, with images 1,000 times clearer than anything ever seen from earth-bound telescopes

• 1980 - Death of Pascual Jordan, German physicist (b. 1902)