Principality

A principality (or sometimes princedom) is a type of monarchical state or feudal territory ruled by a prince or princess. It can be either a sovereign state or a constituent part of a larger political entity. The term "principality" is often used to describe small monarchies, particularly those in Europe, where the ruler holds the title of prince or an equivalent.

Historically, principalities emerged during the Middle Ages as part of the feudal system, where local princes gained significant power within a king's domain. This led to political fragmentation and the creation of mini-states. Over time, many of these principalities consolidated into larger kingdoms and empires, while others retained their independence and prospered.

Sovereign principalities which exist today include Liechtenstein, Monaco, and the co-principality of Andorra. Additionally, some royal primogenitures, such as Asturias in Spain, are styled as principalities. The term is also used generically for small monarchies ruled by a monarch of a lesser rank than a king, such as a grand duke.

Principalities have played a significant role in European history, particularly within the Holy Roman Empire, and have fallen out of favour with the development of nationalism in the 19th and 20th centuries. The concept of a principality has also been applied in various forms across different regions and historical periods.