Punjabi Suba movement

Punjabi Suba movement
Punjabi Suba movement
	The East Punjab state in India from 1956 to 1966
Date	15 August 1947 - 1 November 1966
Location	East Punjab, India
Goals	Creation of the constitutional autonomous federal state of Punjab, with Chandigarh as its capital, for Punjabi-speaking people from the bilingual East Punjab state
Methods	Protest marches and demonstrations, hunger strike, general strike
Resulted in	Formation of Punjab and Haryana states and the Union Territory of Chandigarh on 1 November 1966. Transfer of hill regions to Himachal Pradesh;
Parties
Support:; Sikhs; Shiromani Akali Dal	Against:; Indian Government; Indian National Congress; Arya Samaj; Jan Sangh
Lead figures
	Master Tara Singh (AD); Fateh Singh (AD); Darshan Singh Pheruman Jawaharlal Nehru; Pratap Singh Kairon; Indira Gandhi; Ashwini Kumar; Lala Jagat Narain
Casualties
Death(s)	At least 43
Arrested	57,129 Sikhs (Akali Dal records)

The Punjabi Suba movement was a long-drawn political agitation, launched by Punjabi speaking people (mostly Sikhs) demanding the creation of autonomous Punjabi Suba, or Punjabi-speaking state, in the post-independence Indian state of East Punjab.^[4] The movement is defined as the forerunner of Khalistan movement.^[5]^[6]

Borrowing from the pre-independence demands for a Sikh country, this movement demanded a fundamental constitutional autonomous state within India.^[1] Led by the Akali Dal, it resulted in the formation of the state of Punjab. The state of Haryana and the Union Territory of Chandigarh were also created and some Pahari-majority parts of the East Punjab were also merged with Himachal Pradesh following the movement. The result of the movement failed to satisfy its leaders.^[7]

^ ^a ^b Saith, A. (2019). Ajit Singh of Cambridge and Chandigarh: An Intellectual Biography of the Radical Sikh Economist. Palgrave Studies in the History of Economic Thought. Springer International Publishing. p. 290. ISBN 978-3-030-12422-9. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference Tribune_Celebrate was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Doad 1997, p. 399.
^ Doad 1997, p. 391.
^ Rina Ramdev, Sandhya D. Nambiar, Debaditya Bhattacharya (2015). Sentiment, Politics, Censorship: The State of Hurt. SAGE Publications. p. 91. The forerunner to the Khalistan movement the Punjabi Suba movement of the 1960s also stressed the right of control over territory and water.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Chopra, Radhika (2012). Militant and Migrant: The Politics and Social History of Punjab. Routledge. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-136-70435-2. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
^ Stanley Wolpert (2005). India. University of California Press. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-520-24696-6.

[ajit-1] Saith, A. (2019). Ajit Singh of Cambridge and Chandigarh: An Intellectual Biography of the Radical Sikh Economist. Palgrave Studies in the History of Economic Thought. Springer International Publishing. p. 290. ISBN 978-3-030-12422-9. Retrieved 10 March 2023.

[Tribune_Celebrate-2] Cite error: The named reference Tribune_Celebrate was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[FOOTNOTEDoad1997399-3] Doad 1997, p. 399.

[FOOTNOTEDoad1997391-4] Doad 1997, p. 391.

[5] Rina Ramdev, Sandhya D. Nambiar, Debaditya Bhattacharya (2015). Sentiment, Politics, Censorship: The State of Hurt. SAGE Publications. p. 91. The forerunner to the Khalistan movement the Punjabi Suba movement of the 1960s also stressed the right of control over territory and water.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[6] Chopra, Radhika (2012). Militant and Migrant: The Politics and Social History of Punjab. Routledge. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-136-70435-2. Retrieved 10 March 2023.

[wolpert-7] Stanley Wolpert (2005). India. University of California Press. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-520-24696-6.

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