Quantum dot

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Quantum dots (QDs) or semiconductor nanocrystals are semiconductor particles a few nanometres in size with optical and electronic properties that differ from those of larger particles via quantum mechanical effects. They are a central topic in nanotechnology and materials science. When a quantum dot is illuminated by UV light, an electron in the quantum dot can be excited to a state of higher energy. In the case of a semiconducting quantum dot, this process corresponds to the transition of an electron from the valence band to the conductance band. The excited electron can drop back into the valence band releasing its energy as light. This light emission (photoluminescence) is illustrated in the figure on the right. The color of that light depends on the energy difference between the conductance band and the valence band, or the transition between discrete energy states when the band structure is no longer well-defined in QDs.^[1]

Nanoscale semiconductor materials tightly confine either electrons or electron holes. The confinement is similar to a three-dimensional particle in a box model. The quantum dot absorption and emission features correspond to transitions between discrete quantum mechanically allowed energy levels in the box that are reminiscent of atomic spectra. For these reasons, quantum dots are sometimes referred to as artificial atoms,^[2] emphasizing their bound and discrete electronic states, like naturally occurring atoms or molecules.^[3][4] It was shown that the electronic wave functions in quantum dots resemble the ones in real atoms.^[5] By coupling two or more such quantum dots, an artificial molecule can be made, exhibiting hybridization even at room temperature.^[6] Precise assembly of quantum dots can form superlattices that act as artificial solid-state materials that exhibit unique optical and electronic properties.^[7][8]

Quantum dots have properties intermediate between bulk semiconductors and discrete atoms or molecules. Their optoelectronic properties change as a function of both size and shape.^[9][10] Larger QDs of 5–6 nm diameter emit longer wavelengths, with colors such as orange, or red. Smaller QDs (2–3 nm) emit shorter wavelengths, yielding colors like blue and green. However, the specific colors vary depending on the exact composition of the QD.^[11]

Potential applications of quantum dots include single-electron transistors, solar cells, LEDs, lasers,^[12] single-photon sources,^[13][14][15] second-harmonic generation, quantum computing,^[16] cell biology research,^[17] microscopy,^[18] and medical imaging.^[19] Their small size allows for some QDs to be suspended in solution, which may lead to their use in inkjet printing, and spin coating.^[20] They have been used in Langmuir–Blodgett thin films.^[21][22][23] These processing techniques result in less expensive and less time-consuming methods of semiconductor fabrication.