Queen Anne's War

Queen Anne's War
Part of the War of the Spanish Succession and the Indian Wars
Map of European colonies in America, 1702
Date 8 March 1702 – 13 July 1713 (11 years, 4 months and 5 days) Location North America Result British victory over French in Canada. Spanish Empire in the Americas remains intact. Treaty of Utrecht Treaty of Portsmouth (1713) Territorial changes France cedes to Britain the control of Acadia, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay, and Saint Kitts
Belligerents
France  New France Spain loyal to Philip V New Spain Wabanaki Confederacy Caughnawaga Mohawk Choctaw Timucua Apalachee Natchez	England (before 1707) English America  Great Britain (after 1707) British America Muscogee (Creek) Chickasaw Yamasee	Iroquois Confederacy
Commanders and leaders
José de Zúñiga y la Cerda Daniel d'Auger de Subercase Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil Father Sebastian Rale Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville	Joseph Dudley James Moore Francis Nicholson Hovenden Walker Benjamin Church	Teganissorens

Part of a series on the
History of New Spain
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire Spanish conquest of Guatemala Spanish conquest of Yucatán Spanish conquest of Petén Spanish conquest of the Maya Columbian exchange History of the Philippines (1565–1898) Piracy in the Caribbean Spanish missions in the Americas Queen Anne's War Bourbon Reforms Spanish–Moro conflict Spanish American wars of independence Casta Mexican War of Independence
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Queen Anne's War (1702–1713) or the Third Indian War^[1] was the second in a series of French and Indian Wars fought in North America involving the colonial empires of Great Britain, France, and Spain; it took place during the reign of Anne, Queen of Great Britain. In the United States, it is often studied as a standalone conflict under this name, although it is also viewed as the American theater of the War of the Spanish Succession. In France, it was known as the Second Intercolonial War.^[2]

The war was primarily a conflict between French, Spanish and English colonial ambitions for control of the North American continent while the War of the Spanish Succession was being fought in Europe. Each side drew in various Indigenous communities as allies, and it was fought on four fronts.

In the south, Spanish Florida and the English Province of Carolina attacked one another, and English colonists engaged French colonists based at Fort Louis de la Louisiane (near present-day Mobile, Alabama), with Indigenous bands allied on each side. The southern war did not result in significant territorial changes, but it resulted in seriously decimating the Indigenous population of Spanish Florida and parts of southern Georgia, with destruction of the network of Spanish missions in Florida.

In New England, English colonists and Indigenous allies fought against French colonists and their Indigenous forces, especially in Acadia and unsettled border frontier with Canada. Quebec City was repeatedly targeted by British colonial expeditions, and the British captured in 1710 the Acadian capital Port Royal. French colonists and the Wabanaki Confederacy sought to thwart British expansion into Acadia, whose border New France defined as the Kennebec River in what is now southern Maine.^[3] They executed raids in the Province of Massachusetts Bay (including Maine), most famously the Raid on Deerfield in 1704 and one on Groton in 1707, in both cases taking numerous captives to Montreal and Kahnawake (a Mohawk mission village) for ransom or adoption by Mohawk families.

In Newfoundland, English colonists based at St. John's disputed control of the island with the French colonists of Plaisance, present-day Placentia. Most of the conflict consisted of economically destructive raids on settlements. The French colonists successfully captured St. John's in 1709, but the British colonists quickly reoccupied it after the French abandoned it.

French privateers based in Acadia and Plaisance captured many ships from New England's fishing and shipping industries. Privateers took 102 prizes into Plaisance, second only to Martinique in France's American colonies. The naval conflict ended with the British capture of Acadia (Nova Scotia).^[4][5]

The Treaty of Utrecht ended the war in 1713, following a preliminary peace in 1712. France ceded the territories of Hudson Bay, Acadia, and Newfoundland to Britain while retaining Cape Breton Island and other islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Some terms were ambiguous in the treaty, and the concerns of various Indigenous communities were not included, thereby setting the stage for future conflicts.