Back التدين والذكاء Arabic Religiosidad e inteligencia Spanish دین‌داری و هوش Persian Kesalehan dan kecerdasan ID Rapporto tra religiosità e intelligenza Italian Взаимосвязь религиозности и интеллекта Russian

Religiosity and intelligence

The study of religiosity and intelligence explores the link between religiosity and intelligence or educational level (by country and on the individual level). Religiosity and intelligence are both complex topics that include diverse variables, and the interactions among those variables are not always well understood. For instance, intelligence is often defined differently by different researchers;[1] also, all scores from intelligence tests are only estimates of intelligence, because one cannot achieve concrete measurements of intelligence (as one would of mass or distance) due to the concept’s abstract nature.[2] Religiosity is also complex, in that it involves wide variations of interactions of religious beliefs, practices, behaviors, and affiliations, across a diverse array of cultures.[3]

The study on religion and intelligence has been ongoing since the 1920s and conclusions and interpretations have varied in the literature due to different measures for both religiosity and intelligence.[4] Some studies find negative correlation between intelligence quotient (IQ) and religiosity.[5][6] However, such studies and others have found the effect not to be generalizable and unable to predict religiosity from intelligence correlations alone.[7][8][9][4][10][11] Some have suggested that nonconformity, cognitive style, and coping mechanism play a role[12] while others suggest that any correlations are due to a complex range of social, gender, economic, educational and historical factors, which interact with religion and IQ in different ways.[8][9][13][14][4][15] Less developed and poorer countries tend to be more religious, perhaps because religions play a more active social, moral and cultural role in those countries.[16]

Studies on analytic thinking and nonbelievers suggest that analytical thinking does not imply better reflection on religious matters or disbelief.[17] A cross-cultural study observed that analytic thinking was not a reliable metric to predict disbelief.[18] A review of the literature on cognitive style found that there are no correlations between rationality and belief/disbelief and that upbringing, whether religious or not, better explains why people end up religious or not.[19]

A global study on educational attainment found that Jews, Christians, religiously unaffiliated persons, and Buddhists have, on average, higher levels of education than the global average.[20] Numerous factors affect both educational attainment and religiosity.

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference Neisser1998 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Haier, Richard (2016-12-28). The Neuroscience of Intelligence. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–19. ISBN 9781107461437.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference what is religiosity was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ a b c Sickles, Julie; Huskey, Alisa; Schrantz, Kathryn; Lack, Caleb (2015). "The Relationship between Intelligence and Religiosity: A Critical Review of the Literature". Journal of Scientific Psychology. May.
  5. ^ Zuckerman, Miron; Li, Chen; Lin, Shengxin; Hall, Judith A. (15 October 2019). "The Negative Intelligence–Religiosity Relation: New and Confirming Evidence". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 46 (6): 856–868. doi:10.1177/0146167219879122. PMID 31610740. S2CID 204702114.
  6. ^ Lynn, Richard; John Harvey; Helmuth Nyborg (2009). "Average intelligence predicts atheism rates across 137 nations". Intelligence. 37: 11–15. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2008.03.004.
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference Hale was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Webster was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Dutton was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference dolan was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ Dürlinger, Florian; Pietschnig, Jakob (11 February 2022). "Meta-analyzing intelligence and religiosity associations: Evidence from the multiverse". PLOS ONE. 17 (2): e0262699. Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1762699D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0262699. PMC 8836311. PMID 35148316.
  12. ^ Zuckerman, Miron; Silberman, Jordan; Hall, Judith A. (2013). "The Relation Between Intelligence and Religiosity: A Meta-Analysis and Some Proposed Explanations". Personality and Social Psychology Review. 17 (4): 325–354. doi:10.1177/1088868313497266. PMID 23921675. S2CID 2815223.
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference tele was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ Dutton, Edward; Meisenberg, Gerhard (1 April 2021). "Religiosity is Associated with a more Feminine Intelligence profile: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth, 1979". Personality and Individual Differences. 173: 110640. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110640.
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference Gallup-Poll-Emotional-Religion was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference Farias was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ Cite error: The named reference 2018 Ger was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  19. ^ Gervais, Will M. (2024). Disbelief: The Origins of Atheism in a Religious Species. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1633889248.
  20. ^ "Religion and Education Around the World" (PDF). Pew Research Center. December 13, 2016. p. 5.

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