Back Republikeinse Party (Verenigde State) Afrikaans Republikanische Partei ALS ሪፐብሊካን ፓርቲ (አሜሪካ) Amharic الحزب الجمهوري (الولايات المتحدة) Arabic ܓܒܐ ܩܘܛܢܝܐ (ܐܘܚܕܢܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ) ARC الحزب الجمهورى فى امريكا ARZ Partíu Republicanu de los Estaos Xuníos AST Respublikaçılar Partiyası (ABŞ) Azerbaijani جومهوریتچی حیزبی (بیرلشمیش ایالتلر) AZB Partai Républik (Amérika Serikat) BAN

Republican Party (United States)

"GOP" redirects here. For other uses, see GOP (disambiguation).
For the 1792–1834 party, see Democratic-Republican Party.

Republican Party
AbbreviationGOP
ChairpersonMichael Whatley
Governing bodyRepublican National Committee
U.S. PresidentDonald Trump
U.S. Vice PresidentJD Vance
Senate Majority LeaderJohn Thune
Speaker of the HouseMike Johnson
House Majority LeaderSteve Scalise
FoundersAlvan E. Bovay[1]
Henry J. Raymond[2]
... and others
FoundedMarch 20, 1854 (1854-03-20)
Ripon, Wisconsin, U.S.
Merger ofWhig Party[3][4][5][6]
Free Soil Party[7]
Anti-Nebraska movement[8]
Headquarters310 First Street SE,
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Student wingCollege Republicans
High School Republican National Federation
Youth wing
Women's wingNational Federation of Republican Women
Overseas wingRepublicans Overseas
Ideology
Factions:
Political positionRight-wing[13]
International affiliation
CaucusesRepublican Governance Group
Republican Main Street Caucus
Republican Study Committee
Freedom Caucus
Colors  Red
Senate
53 / 100
House of Representatives
220 / 435
State governors
27 / 50
State upper chambers
1,121 / 1,973
State lower chambers
2,985 / 5,413
Territorial governors
2 / 5
Territorial upper chambers
15 / 97
Territorial lower chambers
9 / 91
Election symbol
Website
gop.com Edit this at Wikidata
^ A: Includes Trumpism.[17][18][19]

The Republican Party, also known as the Grand Old Party (GOP), is a right-wing political party in the United States and one of the two major parties, it emerged as the main rival of the then-dominant Democratic Party in the 1850s, and the two parties have dominated American politics since then.

The Republican Party was founded in 1854 by anti-slavery activists opposing the Kansas–Nebraska Act and the expansion of slavery into U.S. territories. It rapidly gained support in the North, drawing in former Whigs and Free Soilers. Abraham Lincoln's election in 1860 led to the secession of Southern states and the outbreak of the American Civil War. Under Lincoln and a Republican-controlled Congress, the party led efforts to preserve the Union, defeat the Confederacy, and abolish slavery. During the Reconstruction era, Republicans sought to extend civil rights protections to freedmen, but by the late 1870s the party shifted its focus toward business interests and industrial expansion. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it dominated national politics, promoting protective tariffs, infrastructure development, and laissez-faire economic policies, while navigating internal divisions between progressive and conservative factions. The party's support declined during the Great Depression, as the New Deal coalition reshaped American politics. Republicans returned to national power with the 1952 election of Dwight D. Eisenhower, whose moderate conservatism reflected a pragmatic acceptance of many New Deal-era programs.

The Republican Party has undergone several ideological and demographic shifts since the mid-20th century. Following the civil rights era, it gained strength in the South through the Southern strategy, which appealed to many White voters disaffected by Democratic support for civil rights. The 1980 election of Ronald Reagan marked a major realignment, consolidating a coalition of free market advocates, social conservatives, and foreign policy hawks. Since 2009, internal divisions have grown, leading to a shift toward right-wing populism,[20] which ultimately became its dominant faction.[9] This culminated in the 2016 election of Donald Trump, whose leadership style and political agenda—often referred to as Trumpism—reshaped the party's identity.[17][18][19] In the 21st century, the Republican Party's strongest demographics are rural voters, White Southerners, evangelical Christians, men, senior citizens, and voters without college degrees.

On economic issues, the party has maintained a pro-capital attitude since its inception. It currently supports Trump's mercantilist policies,[21][22] including tariffs[a] on imports on all countries at the highest rates in the world[26][27] while opposing globalization and free trade. It also supports low income taxes and deregulation while opposing labor unions, a public health insurance option and single-payer healthcare.[28][29] On social issues, it advocates for restricting abortion,[30] supports tough on crime policies, such as capital punishment and the prohibition of recreational drug use,[31] promotes gun ownership and easing gun restrictions,[32] and opposes transgender rights.[33] The party favors limited legal immigration but strongly opposes illegal immigration and favors the deportation of those without permanent legal status, such as undocumented immigrants and those with temporary protected status.[34] In foreign policy, the party supports U.S. aid to Israel but is divided on aid to Ukraine[35] and improving relations with Russia,[36] with Trump's ascent empowering an isolationist "America First" foreign policy agenda.[37]

  1. ^ The Origin of the Republican Party Archived March 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine by Prof. A. F. Gilman, Ripon College, WI, 1914.
  2. ^ Widmer, Ted (March 19, 2011). "A Very Mad-Man". Opinionator. The New York Times. Retrieved March 12, 2017.
  3. ^ "Political Parties". Northern Illinois University Digital Library. Archived from the original on May 17, 2024. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
  4. ^ Howe, Daniel Walker (Winter 1995). "Why Abraham Lincoln Was a Whig". Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association. 16 (1): 27–38. doi:10.5406/19457987.16.1.05. hdl:2027/spo.2629860.0016.105. ISSN 1945-7987.
  5. ^ "Historical Context: The Breakdown of the Party System | Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History". Archived from the original on May 18, 2024. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
  6. ^ "Major American Political Parties of the 19th Century". Norwich University Resource Library. Archived from the original on May 17, 2024. Retrieved May 28, 2024.
  7. ^ McPherson, James (2003) [1988]. The Illustrated Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford University Press. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-19-974390-2.
  8. ^ James M. McPherson, Ordeal by Fire: Volume I. The Coming of War, second edition (ISBN 0-07045837-5) p. 94.
  9. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Dominant was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Smith, Robert C. (2021). "Ronald Reagan, Donald Trump, and the Future of the Republican Party and Conservatism in America". American Political Thought. 10 (2): 283–289. doi:10.1086/713662. S2CID 233401184. Retrieved September 21, 2022.
  11. ^
  12. ^ Wilbur, Miller (2012). "Libertarianism". The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America. Vol. 3. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. pp. 1006–1007. ISBN 978-1-4129-8876-6. While right-libertarianism has been equated with libertarianism in general in the United States, left-libertarianism has become a more predominant aspect of politics in western European democracies over the past three decades. ... Since the 1950s, libertarianism in the United States has been associated almost exclusively with right-libertarianism ... As such, right-libertarianism in the United States remains a fruitful discourse with which to articulate conservative claims, even as it lacks political efficacy as a separate ideology. However, even without its own movement, libertarian sensibility informs numerous social movements in the United States, including the U.S. patriot movement, the gun-rights movement, and the incipient Tea Party movement.
  13. ^
  14. ^ "Members". IDU. Archived from the original on July 16, 2015.
  15. ^ "Regional Unions". International Democracy Union. Archived from the original on June 17, 2010. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
  16. ^ "About – ECR Party". European Conservatives and Reformists Party. August 4, 2022. Archived from the original on July 1, 2023. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
  17. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Ball 2024 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ a b Martin, Jonathan (March 1, 2021). "Trumpism Grips a Post-Policy G.O.P. as Traditional Conservatism Fades". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved February 3, 2025.
  19. ^ a b Peoples, Steve (February 14, 2021). "Trump remains dominant force in GOP following acquittal". AP News. Archived from the original on June 12, 2024. Retrieved February 3, 2025.
  20. ^
  21. ^ Fleming, Sam; Strauss, Delphine (April 4, 2025). "Trump's aggressive push to roll back globalisation". Financial Times. Retrieved April 4, 2025. The US president wants to unwind decades of economic integration. The risk of a 1930s-style global trade war is causing markets to panic.
  22. ^ Helleiner, Eric (January 5, 2021). "The Return of National Self-Sufficiency. Excavating Autarkic Thought in a De-Globalizing Era". International Studies Review. 23 (3): 933–957. doi:10.1093/isr/viaa092. ISSN 1521-9488. PMC 7928914. The election of Donald Trump as American president in 2016 encouraged further interest in ideas of national self-sufficiency. ... Trump's worldview was much closer to a neomercantilist one than an autarkist one, but some of his supporters on the far right are more clearly in the latter camp.14 For example, in a 2020 publication from the Claremont Institute, Curtis Yarvin called for the promotion of an "isolationist" policy of "neo-Sakoku". Like some other past autarkists, he argued that a world of autarkic states would be more peaceful because the reasons for conflict would diminish (Yarvin 2020). The Trump administration also indirectly encouraged new interest in greater national self-sufficiency in other countries because of its protectionism and its broader "weaponization" of America's international economic relations (Farrell and Newman 2019).
  23. ^ Lotz, Avery (March 6, 2025). "Republicans favor Trump tariffs despite anticipated price hikes: poll". Axios. Retrieved March 10, 2025.
  24. ^ Cite error: The named reference Buckle Up was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  25. ^ Cite error: The named reference President McKinley was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  26. ^ Lawder, David; Hunnicutt, Trevor (April 5, 2025). "US starts collecting Trump's new 10% tariff, smashing global trade norms". Reuters. Retrieved April 5, 2025. U.S. customs agents began collecting President Donald Trump's unilateral 10% tariff on all imports from many countries on Saturday, with higher levies on goods from 57 larger trading partners due to start next week.
  27. ^ Sanger, David E. (February 1, 2025). "To Trump, Tariffs Are Not a Means but an End". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 2, 2025. Retrieved February 1, 2025. Many presidents use tariffs to force negotiations. But for President Trump, they are the point, a source of revenue as he pursues a Gilded Age vision.
  28. ^ Cite error: The named reference New Fusionism was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  29. ^ "Poll: Democrats Like Both the Public Option and Medicare-for-all, But Overall More People Support the Public Option, Including a Significant Share of Republicans". KFF. January 30, 2020. Retrieved May 17, 2025.
  30. ^ Pell, Stephanie K. (September 19, 2024). "Clear contrasts between the Democratic and Republican Parties' positions on reproductive rights and health care". Retrieved February 24, 2025.
  31. ^ Lassiter, Matthew (December 7, 2023). "America's War on Drugs Has Always Been Bipartisan—and Unwinnable". Retrieved February 25, 2025.
  32. ^ Russell, George Fabe (October 4, 2024). "What is the Republican Party's stance on guns? Here's what GOP politicians are saying". USA Today. Retrieved February 26, 2025.
  33. ^ Harmon, Amy (January 24, 2025). "In State Capitals, Republicans Propose New Limits on Transgender Identity". The New York Times. New York Times. Retrieved February 26, 2025.
  34. ^ McCann, Allison; Sun, Albert; Sullivan, Eileen (January 24, 2025). "Who Are the Millions of Immigrants Trump Wants to Deport?". The New York Times. New York Times. Retrieved February 26, 2025.
  35. ^ Cite error: The named reference Riccardi was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  36. ^ Cite error: The named reference Jimison was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  37. ^ Cite error: The named reference Baker was invoked but never defined (see the help page).


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