Retrograde amnesia

Retrograde amnesia
Retrograde amnesia
Specialty	Neurology

In neurology, retrograde amnesia (RA) is the inability to access memories or information from before an injury or disease occurred.^[1] RA differs from a similar condition called anterograde amnesia (AA), which is the inability to form new memories following injury or disease onset.^[2] Although an individual can have both RA and AA at the same time, RA can also occur on its own; this 'pure' form of RA can be further divided into three types: focal, isolated, and pure RA.^[3] RA negatively affects an individual's episodic, autobiographical, and declarative memory, but they can still form new memories because RA leaves procedural memory intact.^[3] Depending on its severity, RA can result in either temporally graded or more permanent memory loss.^[3] However, memory loss usually follows Ribot's law, which states that individuals are more likely to lose recent memories than older memories.^[4] Diagnosing RA generally requires using an Autobiographical Memory Interview (AMI) and observing brain structure through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a computed tomography scan (CT), or electroencephalography (EEG).^[3]^[5]^[6]

^ Cite error: The named reference Hunkin_1995 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Lafleche G, Verfaellie M (2017). "Anterograde Amnesia". In Kreutzer J, DeLuca J, Caplan B (eds.). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–5. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_1106-2. ISBN 978-3-319-56782-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Lafleche G, Verfaellie M (2011). "Retrograde Amnesia". In Kreutzer J, DeLuca J, Caplan B (eds.). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 2167–2170. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_1152. ISBN 978-0-387-79947-6.
^ Wixted JT (February 2004). "The psychology and neuroscience of forgetting". Annual Review of Psychology. 55: 235–269. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141555. PMID 14744216. S2CID 3057114.
^ Reed JM, Squire LR (May 1998). "Retrograde amnesia for facts and events: findings from four new cases". The Journal of Neuroscience. 18 (10): 3943–54. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-10-03943.1998. PMC 6793126. PMID 9570821.
^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Hunkin_1995-1] Cite error: The named reference Hunkin_1995 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Lafleche_2017-2] Lafleche G, Verfaellie M (2017). "Anterograde Amnesia". In Kreutzer J, DeLuca J, Caplan B (eds.). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–5. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_1106-2. ISBN 978-3-319-56782-2.

[Lafleche_2011-3] Lafleche G, Verfaellie M (2011). "Retrograde Amnesia". In Kreutzer J, DeLuca J, Caplan B (eds.). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 2167–2170. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_1152. ISBN 978-0-387-79947-6.

[Wixted_2004-4] Wixted JT (February 2004). "The psychology and neuroscience of forgetting". Annual Review of Psychology. 55: 235–269. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141555. PMID 14744216. S2CID 3057114.

[Reed_1998-5] Reed JM, Squire LR (May 1998). "Retrograde amnesia for facts and events: findings from four new cases". The Journal of Neuroscience. 18 (10): 3943–54. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-10-03943.1998. PMC 6793126. PMID 9570821.

[:0-6] Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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