Rupelian

Rupelian
Rupelian
Chronology
←	PETM
←	First Antarctic permanent ice-sheets
←	K-Pg mass; extinction
	Subdivision of the Paleogene according to the ICS, as of 2021.; Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago;
Formerly part of	Tertiary Period/System
Etymology
Name formality	Formal
Usage information
Celestial body	Earth
Regional usage	Global (ICS)
Time scale(s) used	ICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unit	Age
Stratigraphic unit	Stage
Time span formality	Formal
Lower boundary definition	LAD of Planktonic Foraminiferans Hantkenina and Cribrohantkenina
Lower boundary GSSP	Massignano quarry section, Massignano, Ancona, Italy; 43°31′58″N 13°36′04″E / 43.5328°N 13.6011°E
Lower GSSP ratified	1992
Upper boundary definition	LAD of the Planktonic Foraminifer Chiloguembelina (Base of Foram Zone P21b)
Upper boundary GSSP	Monte Cagnero, Central Apennines, Italy; 43°38′48″N 13°28′04″E / 43.6466°N 13.4677°E
Upper GSSP ratified	September 2016

The Rupelian is, in the geologic timescale, the older of two ages or the lower of two stages of the Oligocene Epoch/Series. It spans the time between 33.9 and 27.82 Ma. It is preceded by the Priabonian Stage (part of the Eocene) and is followed by the Chattian Stage.

^ Zachos, J. C.; Kump, L. R. (2005). "Carbon cycle feedbacks and the initiation of Antarctic glaciation in the earliest Oligocene". Global and Planetary Change. 47 (1): 51–66. Bibcode:2005GPC....47...51Z. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.01.001.
^ "International Chronostratigraphic Chart" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy.
^ Silva, Isabella; Jenkins, D. (September 1993). "Decision on the Eocene-Oligocene boundary stratotype" (PDF). Episodes. 16 (3): 379–382. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1993/v16i3/002. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
^ Coccioni, Rodolfo; Montanari, Alessandro; Nice, David; Brinkhuis, Henk; Deino, Alain; Frontalini, Fabrizio; Liter, Fabrizio; Maiorano, Patricia; Monechi, Simonetta; Prods, Jörg; Rochette, Pierre; Sagnotti, Leonardo; Sideri, Marianna; Sprovieri, Mario; Tateo, Fabio; Touchard, Yannick; Can Simaeys, Stefaan; Williams, Graham L. (1 March 2018). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Chattian stage (Paleogene System, Oligocene Series) at Monte Cagnero, Italy". Episodes. 41 (1): 17–32. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2018/v41i1/018003. hdl:11573/1611823. Retrieved 29 August 2020.