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Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика Rossiyskaya Sovetskaya Federativnaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1917–1991 | |||||||||
.svg) .svg) .svg) .svg) .svg)  The Russian SFSR (red) within the Soviet Union (red and white) | |||||||||
| Status |
| ||||||||
| Capital | |||||||||
| Largest city | Moscow | ||||||||
| Official languages | Russian | ||||||||
| Recognised languages | See Languages of Russia | ||||||||
| Religion |
| ||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Russian | ||||||||
| Government |
| ||||||||
| Head of state | |||||||||
• 1917 (first) | Lev Kamenev | ||||||||
• 1990–1991 (last) | Boris Yeltsin | ||||||||
| Head of government | |||||||||
• 1917–1924 (first) | Vladimir Lenin | ||||||||
• 1990–1991 | Ivan Silayev | ||||||||
• 1991 (last) | Boris Yeltsin | ||||||||
| Legislature |
| ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
| 7 November 1917 | |||||||||
| 1917–1922 | |||||||||
• Soviet republic proclaimed | 25 January 1918 | ||||||||
| 30 December 1922 | |||||||||
| 19 February 1954 | |||||||||
| 12 June 1990 | |||||||||
| 12 December 1991 | |||||||||
• Russian SFSR renamed into the Russian Federation | 25 December 1991 | ||||||||
| 26 December 1991 | |||||||||
| 25 December 1993 | |||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
| 1956[citation needed] | 17,125,200 km2 (6,612,100 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• 1989[citation needed] | 147,386,000 | ||||||||
| Currency | Soviet ruble (SUR) | ||||||||
| Time zone | (UTC +2 to +12) | ||||||||
| Calling code | +7 | ||||||||
| ISO 3166 code | RU | ||||||||
| Internet TLD | .su | ||||||||
| |||||||||
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,_Emblem_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%931992).svg)
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic[b] (Russian SFSR or RSFSR), previously known as the Russian Soviet Republic[3] and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, and unofficially as Soviet Russia,[4] was a socialist state from 1917 to 1922, and afterwards the largest and most populous constituent republic of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1922 to 1991, until becoming a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with priority of Russian laws over Union-level legislation in 1990 and 1991, the last two years of the existence of the USSR.[5] The Russian SFSR was composed of sixteen smaller constituent units of autonomous republics, five autonomous oblasts, ten autonomous okrugs, six krais and forty oblasts.[5] Russians formed the largest ethnic group. The capital of the Russian SFSR and the USSR as a whole was Moscow and the other major urban centers included Leningrad (Petrograd until 1924), Stalingrad (Volgograd after 1961), Novosibirsk, Sverdlovsk, Gorky and Kuybyshev.
On 7 November 1917 (O.S. 25 October), as a result of the October Revolution, the Russian Soviet Republic was proclaimed as a sovereign state and the world's first constitutionally socialist state guided by communist ideology. The first constitution was adopted in 1918. In 1922, the Russian SFSR signed a treaty officially creating the USSR. On 12 June 1990, the Congress of People's Deputies adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty. On 12 June 1991, Boris Yeltsin, supported by the Democratic Russia pro-reform movement, was elected the first and only President of the RSFSR, a post that would later become the Presidency of the Russian Federation. The August 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt in Moscow with the temporary brief internment of President Mikhail Gorbachev destabilised the Soviet Union. Following these events, Gorbachev lost all his remaining power, with Yeltsin superseding him as the pre-eminent figure in the country. On 8 December 1991, the heads of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus signed the Belovezha Accords declaring dissolution of the USSR and established the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) as a loose replacement confederation. On 12 December, the agreement was ratified by the Supreme Soviet (the parliament of the Russian SFSR); therefore the Russian SFSR had renounced the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and de facto declared Russia's independence from the USSR itself and the ties with the other Soviet republics.
On 25 December 1991, following the resignation of Gorbachev as President of the Soviet Union, the Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation.[c] The next day, the USSR was self-dissolved by the Soviet of the Republics on 26 December, which by that time was the only functioning parliamentary chamber of the All-Union Supreme Soviet. After the dissolution, Russia took full responsibility for all the rights and obligations of the USSR under the Charter of the United Nations, including the financial obligations. As such, Russia assumed the Soviet Union's UN membership and permanent membership on the Security Council, nuclear stockpile and the control over the armed forces; Soviet embassies abroad became Russian embassies.[6]
The 1978 constitution of the Russian SFSR was amended several times to reflect the transition to democracy, private property and market economy. The new Russian constitution, coming into effect on 25 December 1993 after a constitutional crisis, completely abolished the Soviet form of government and replaced it with a semi-presidential system. The economy of Russia became heavily industrialized, accounting for about two-thirds of the electricity produced in the USSR. By 1961, it was the third largest producer of petroleum due to new discoveries in the Volga-Urals region[7] and Siberia.[8] In 1974, there were 475 institutes of higher education in the republic providing education in 47 languages to some 23,941,000 students. A network of territorially organized public-health services provided health care.[5] The economy began to be liberalized starting in 1985 under Gorbachev's "perestroika" restructuring policies, including the introduction of non-state owned enterprises (e.g. cooperatives).
- ^ (Historical Dictionary of the Russian Revolution. J. Davis. p. 58)
- ^ Lenin's Legacy. R. Wesson, 1978
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
autogenerated1was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Declaration of Rights of the laboring and exploited people (original VTsIK variant Archived 7 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine, III Congress revision), article I.
- ^ a b c The Free Dictionary Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic Archived 13 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved on 22 June 2011.
- ^ "INFCIRC/397 - Note to the Director General from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation". web.archive.org. 23 November 2003.
- ^ Peterson, James A.; Clarke, James W. "Petroleum Geology and Resources of the Volga-Ural Province, U.S.S.R." (PDF). Pubs.USGS.gov. 1983, U.S. Department of the Interior – U.S. Geological Survey. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
- ^ Sokolov, Vasily Andreevich (2002). Petroleum. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific. p. 183. ISBN 0898757258. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
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