Sarvastivada

The Sarvāstivāda (Sanskrit: 𑀲𑀭𑁆𑀯𑀸𑀲𑁆𑀢𑀺𑀯𑀸𑀤; Pali: 𑀲𑀩𑁆𑀩𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀺𑀯𑀸𑀤, romanized: Sabbatthivāda Chinese: 說一切有部; pinyin: Shuōyīqièyǒu Bù; Japanese: せついっさいうぶ; Korean: 설일체유부; Vietnamese: Nhất thiết hữu bộ;Thai: สรวาสติวาท) was one of the early Buddhist schools established around the reign of Ashoka (third century BCE).^[2] It was particularly known as an Abhidharma tradition, with a unique set of seven canonical Abhidharma texts.^[3]

The Sarvāstivādins were one of the most influential Buddhist monastic groups, flourishing throughout North India, especially Kashmir and Central Asia, until the 7th century CE.^[2] The orthodox Kashmiri branch of the school composed the large and encyclopedic Abhidharma Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra around the time of the reign of Kanishka (c. 127–150 CE).^[3] Because of this, orthodox Sarvāstivādins who upheld the doctrines in the Mahāvibhāṣa were called Vaibhāṣikas.^[3]

There have been debates about the exact chronological emergence of Sarvastivadins from Sthavira nikāya. According to the Theravādin Dīpavaṃsa, the Sarvāstivādins emerged from the older Mahīśāsaka school, but the Śāriputraparipṛcchā and the Samayabhedoparacanacakra state that the Mahīśāsaka emerged from the Sarvāstivāda.^[4]^[5] The Sarvāstivādins are believed to have given rise to the Mūlasarvāstivāda and Sautrāntika schools, although the relationship between these groups has not yet been fully determined.

It has been suggested that some yogic Sarvāstivādins, under early Mahāyāna influence, gave rise to Yogācāra, one of the most important and influential traditions of Mahāyāna Buddhism.^[6]^[7] There have been accusations by Theravada Buddhists that Sarvāstivādins were heavily influenced by the Sāṅkhya school of philosophy.^[8]^[9] Nevertheless, the important Buddhist philosopher Asvaghosa, who may have been associated with Sarvāstivāda,^[10]^[11] in his influential Buddhacarita, states that Āḷāra Kālāma, the teacher of the young Buddha, followed an archaic form of Sāṅkhya.^[12]

^ Vanleene, Alexandra (2019). "Differences and similarities in Gandhāran art production: the case of the modelling school of Haḍḍa (Afghanistan)" (PDF). The Geography of Gandhara Art. Archaeopress Archaeology: 143–163. ISBN 978-1-78969-186-3.
^ ^a ^b Westerhoff, The Golden Age of Indian Buddhist Philosophy in the First Millennium CE, 2018, p. 60.
^ ^a ^b ^c Westerhoff, 2018, p. 61.
^ Baruah, Bibhuti (2000). Buddhist sects and sectarianism (1st ed.). New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. ISBN 978-8176251525., p. 50
^ Buswell, Robert E.; Lopez, Donald S. (2013), The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism, Princeton University Press
^ Deleanu, F. (Ed.). (2006). The Chapter on the Mundane Path (Laukikamārga): A Trilingual Edition (Sanskrit, Tibetan, Chinese), Annotated Translation and Introductory Study (2 vol), p. 162. Tokyo: International Institute for Buddhist Studies.
^ Kragh, U.T. (editor), The Foundation for Yoga Practitioners: The Buddhist Yogācārabhūmi Treatise and Its Adaptation in India, East Asia, and Tibet, Volume 1, pp. 30–31. Harvard University, Department of South Asian Studies, 2013.
^ W. Woodhill Rockhill (2000 Reprint), The Life of the Buddha and the Early History of His Order, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-136-37937-6, pages 11–19
^ (Max Müller et al., 1999 Reprint), Studies in Buddhism, Asian Educational Services, ISBN 81-206-1226-4, pages 9–10
^ Doctrine and Practice in Medieval Korean Buddhism: The Collected Works of Ŭich'ŏn. University of Hawaii Press. 30 November 2016. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-8248-6743-0.
^ Olivelle, Patrick; Olivelle, Suman, eds. (2005). Manu's Code of Law. Oxford University Press. p. 24. ISBN 9780195171464.
^ Ruzsa, Ferenc (2006), Sāṅkhya (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

[1] Vanleene, Alexandra (2019). "Differences and similarities in Gandhāran art production: the case of the modelling school of Haḍḍa (Afghanistan)" (PDF). The Geography of Gandhara Art. Archaeopress Archaeology: 143–163. ISBN 978-1-78969-186-3.

[:0-2] Westerhoff, The Golden Age of Indian Buddhist Philosophy in the First Millennium CE, 2018, p. 60.

[:13-3] Westerhoff, 2018, p. 61.

[Baruah-4] Baruah, Bibhuti (2000). Buddhist sects and sectarianism (1st ed.). New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. ISBN 978-8176251525., p. 50

[5] Buswell, Robert E.; Lopez, Donald S. (2013), The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism, Princeton University Press

[6] Deleanu, F. (Ed.). (2006). The Chapter on the Mundane Path (Laukikamārga): A Trilingual Edition (Sanskrit, Tibetan, Chinese), Annotated Translation and Introductory Study (2 vol), p. 162. Tokyo: International Institute for Buddhist Studies.

[7] Kragh, U.T. (editor), The Foundation for Yoga Practitioners: The Buddhist Yogācārabhūmi Treatise and Its Adaptation in India, East Asia, and Tibet, Volume 1, pp. 30–31. Harvard University, Department of South Asian Studies, 2013.

[8] W. Woodhill Rockhill (2000 Reprint), The Life of the Buddha and the Early History of His Order, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-136-37937-6, pages 11–19

[MaxMuller-9] (Max Müller et al., 1999 Reprint), Studies in Buddhism, Asian Educational Services, ISBN 81-206-1226-4, pages 9–10

[10] Doctrine and Practice in Medieval Korean Buddhism: The Collected Works of Ŭich'ŏn. University of Hawaii Press. 30 November 2016. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-8248-6743-0.

[11] Olivelle, Patrick; Olivelle, Suman, eds. (2005). Manu's Code of Law. Oxford University Press. p. 24. ISBN 9780195171464.

[12] Ruzsa, Ferenc (2006), Sāṅkhya (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

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