Back Serer (volk) Afrikaans سيريريون Arabic Serer AST سررلر AZB Sereres Catalan Sererové Czech Serer German Sereroj Esperanto Serer Spanish Serere Basque

Serer people

Seereer
Serer cultural vigil in Senegal.
Total population
Over 3 million (as of 2023)[1][2][3][4]
Regions with significant populations
 Senegal2,941,545 (2023 estimates)[1]
 Gambia88,316 (2023)[2][5]
 Mauritania5,000 (unupdated old estimate)[4]
Languages
Serer, Cangin languages, Wolof,
French (Senegal and Mauritania),
Arabic (Mauritania),
English (Gambia)
Religion
Senegal 2002: 90% Islam [dubious – discuss], 8% Christianity[6] and 2% Serer religion (a ƭat Roog)
Related ethnic groups
Wolof people, Jola people, Toucouleur people and Lebou people

The Serer people (Serer proper: Seereer or Sereer) are a West African ethnoreligious group[7][8] and nation,[9][10][11] "today scattered in several small states on the coast or pushed back into the woods of the interior, must be one of the oldest in Senegambia."[9] They are the third-largest ethnic group in Senegal, making up 16% of the Senegalese population.[12] They also reside in northern Gambia and southern Mauritania.[13][4][14]

The Serer people originated in the Senegal River Valley, at the border of present-day Senegal and Mauritania, and moved south in the 11th and 12th century. They migrated again in the 15th and 16th centuries as their villages were invaded and they were subjected to religious persecution by Islamic forces.[15][16][17] They have had a sedentary settled culture and have been known for their farming expertise and transhumant stock-raising.[16][18]

The Serer people have been historically noted as an ethnic group practicing elements of both matrilineality and patrilineality that long, violently resisted the expansion of Islam since the 11th century.[19][20][21][22][23] They fought against jihads in the 19th century, and subsequently opposed French colonial rule - resulting in Serer victory at the famous Battle of Djilass (13 May 1859), and the French Empire taking revenge against them at the equally famous Battle of Logandème that same year.[24][25][26][27][28]

In the 20th century, most of the Serer converted to Islam (Sufism[29]), but some are Christians or follow their traditional religion.[24] Despite resisting Islamization and jihads for almost a millenia - having been persecuted for centuries, most of the Serers who converted to Islam converted as recently as the 1990s,[24] in part, trying to escape discrimination and disenfranchisement by the majority Muslim group surrounding them, who still view the Serers as "the object of scorn and prejudice."[30][31]

The Serer society, like other ethnic groups in Senegal, has had social stratification featuring endogamous castes and slaves.[32][33][34] Other historians, such as Thiaw, Richard and others, believe that the Serer did not maintain a slave culture, or at least not to the same extent as other ethnic groups in the Senegambia region. Serer religion and culture also forbids slavery.[35][36][37]

  1. ^ a b CIA World Factbook, Senegal (2023 estimates) - archive [1]
  2. ^ a b CIA World Fackbook
  3. ^ Agence Nationale de Statistique et de la Démographie. Estimated figures for 2007 in Senegal alone
  4. ^ a b c This is an old figure which has not updated on Joshua Project. "Serer in Mauritania." [2] (retrieved 4 March 2025). It is however more recent than the following 2000 source based on a 1988 census:
    3,500 (estimated in 2000): African Census Analysis Project (ACAP). University of Pennsylvania. Ethnic Diversity and Assimilation in Senegal: Evidence from the 1988 Census by Pierre Ngom, Aliou Gaye and Ibrahima Sarr. 2000
  5. ^ National Population Commission Secretariat (30 April 2005). "2013 Population and Housing Census: Spatial Distribution" (PDF). Gambia Bureau of Statistics. The Republic of The Gambia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
  6. ^ Claire L. Adida; David D. Laitin; Marie-Anne Valfort (2016). Why Muslim Integration Fails in Christian-Heritage Societies. Harvard University Press. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-0-674-50492-9.
  7. ^ "Charisma and Ethnicity in Political Context: A Case Study in the Establishment of a Senegalese Religious Clientele", Leonardo A. Villalón, Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 63, No. 1 (1993), p. 95, Cambridge University Press on behalf of the International African Institute
  8. ^ Villalón, Leonardo A., Islamic Society and State Power in Senegal: Disciples and Citizens in Fatick, p. 62, Cambridge University Press (2006), ISBN 9780521032322
  9. ^ a b Bulletin de la Société de géographie, Volume 26. Société de Géographie (1855), pp. 35 - 36. [3] (retrieved 7 March 2025). Quote:
    "La nation sérère, aujourd'hui dispersée en plusieurs petits États sur la côte ou refoulée dans les bois de l'intérieur, doit être une des plus anciennes de la Sénégambie."
  10. ^ Maury, Alfred, Rapports à la Soc. de géogr, Volume 1. (1855). p. 25 [4] (retrieved 7 March 2025)
  11. ^ Marty, Paul, L'Islám en Mauritanie et au Sénégal. E. Leroux (1916), p. 49
  12. ^ Senegal, CIA Factsheet (retrieved 7 March 2025)
  13. ^ [5] Ethnologue.com
  14. ^ Gambia, CIA Factsheet (retrieved 7 March 2025)
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference Galvan was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ a b Elizabeth Berg; Ruth Wan; Ruth Lau (2009). Senegal. Marshall Cavendish. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-7614-4481-7.
  17. ^ Leonardo A. Villalón (2006). Islamic Society and State Power in Senegal: Disciples and Citizens in Fatick. Cambridge University Press. pp. 54–55. ISBN 978-0-521-03232-2., Quote: "Serer oral tradition recounts the group's origins in the Senegal River valley, where it was part of, or closely related to, the same group as the ancestors of today's Tukulor."
  18. ^ Natural Resources Research, UNESCO, Natural resources research, Volume 16, Unesco (1979), p. 265
  19. ^ Kalis, Simone, Médecine traditionnelle religion et divination chez les Seereer Sine du Senegal, La connaissance de la nuit, L'Harmattan (1997), p. 299, ISBN 2738451969
  20. ^ Lamoise, LE P., Grammaire de la langue Serer (1873)
  21. ^ Becker, Charles: Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays sereer, Dakar (1993), CNRS-ORSTOM [6]
  22. ^ Gastellu, Jean-Marc, Petit traité de matrilinarité. L'accumulation dans deux sociétés rurales d'Afrique de l'Ouest, Cahiers ORSTOM, série Sciences Humaines 4 (1985) [in] Gastellu, Jean-Marc, Matrilineages, Economic Groups and Differentiation in West Africa: A Note, O.R.S.T.O.M. Fonds Documentaire (1988), pp 1, 2–4 (pp 272–4), 7 (p 277) [7]
  23. ^ Dupire, Marguerite, Sagesse sereer: Essais sur la pensée sereer ndut, KARTHALA Editions (1994). For tim and den yaay (see p. 116). The book also deals in depth about the Serer matriclans and means of succession through the matrilineal line. See pp. 38, 95–99, 104, 119–20, 123, 160, 172–74, ISBN 2865374874 [8]
  24. ^ a b c James Stuart Olson (1996). The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Greenwood. p. 516. ISBN 978-0-313-27918-8.
  25. ^ Cite error: The named reference Diop was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  26. ^ Cite error: The named reference Martin A. Klein 1968 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  27. ^ Sagne, Mohamadou, VILLAGE DE DJILASS: L’EXPLOITATION DE village-de-djilass-lexploitation-de, Le soleil (15 Nov 2021), [in] Seneplus. [9] (retrieved 3 Mar 2025)
  28. ^ OG, Des cadres du Sine veulent faire construire un mausolée pyramidal dédié au roi Sann Moon Faye, Sud Quotidien (19 Aug 2023). [10] (retrieved 3 March 2025)
  29. ^ Leonardo A. Villalón (2006). Islamic Society and State Power in Senegal: Disciples and Citizens in Fatick. Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–74. ISBN 978-0-521-03232-2.
  30. ^ Abbey, M T Rosalie Akouele, "Customary Law and Slavery in West Africa", Trafford Publishing (2011), pp. 481–482, ISBN 1-4269-7117-6
  31. ^ Mwakikagile, Godfrey, "Ethnic Diversity and Integration in The Gambia: The Land, The People and The Culture," (2010), p. 241, ISBN 9987-9322-2-3
  32. ^ Cite error: The named reference Resnick2013p165 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  33. ^ Martin A. Klein (1968). Islam and Imperialism in Senegal: Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914. Stanford University Press. pp. 7–11. ISBN 978-0-8047-0621-6.
  34. ^ Cite error: The named reference tamari221 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  35. ^ Cite error: The named reference Iss La Thia was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  36. ^ Cite error: The named reference SRC- was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  37. ^ Cite error: The named reference R.Fran was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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