Siderite

Siderite
General
Category	Carbonate mineral
Formula (repeating unit)	FeCO3
IMA symbol	Sd[1]
Strunz classification	5.AB.05
Dana classification	14.01.01.03
Crystal system	Trigonal
Crystal class	Hexagonal scalenohedral (3m) H-M symbol: (3 2/m)
Space group	R3c
Unit cell	a = 4.6916 c = 15.3796 [Å]; Z = 6
Identification
Color	Pale yellow to tan, grey, brown, green, red, black and sometimes nearly colorless
Crystal habit	Tabular crystals, often curved; botryoidal to massive
Twinning	Lamellar uncommon on{0112}
Cleavage	Perfect on {0111}
Fracture	Uneven to conchoidal
Tenacity	Brittle
Mohs scale hardness	3.75–4.25
Luster	Vitreous, may be silky to pearly
Streak	White
Diaphaneity	Translucent to subtranslucent
Specific gravity	3.96
Optical properties	Uniaxial (−)
Refractive index	nω = 1.875 nε = 1.633
Birefringence	δ = 0.242
Dispersion	Strong
References	[2][3][4]

Siderite is a mineral composed of iron(II) carbonate (FeCO₃). Its name comes from the Ancient Greek word σίδηρος (sídēros), meaning "iron". A valuable iron ore, it consists of 48% iron and lacks sulfur and phosphorus. Zinc, magnesium, and manganese commonly substitute for the iron, resulting in the siderite-smithsonite, siderite-magnesite, and siderite-rhodochrosite solid solution series.^[3]

Siderite has Mohs hardness of 3.75 to 4.25, a specific gravity of 3.96, a white streak and a vitreous lustre or pearly luster. Siderite is antiferromagnetic below its Néel temperature of 37 K (−236 °C) which can assist in its identification.^[5]

It crystallizes in the trigonal crystal system, and are rhombohedral in shape, typically with curved and striated faces. It also occurs in masses. Color ranges from yellow to dark brown or black, the latter being due to the presence of manganese.

Siderite is commonly found in hydrothermal veins, and is associated with barite, fluorite, galena, and others. It is also a common diagenetic mineral in shales and sandstones, where it sometimes forms concretions, which can encase three-dimensionally preserved fossils.^[6] In sedimentary rocks, siderite commonly forms at shallow burial depths and its elemental composition is often related to the depositional environment of the enclosing sediments.^[7] In addition, a number of recent studies have used the oxygen isotopic composition of sphaerosiderite (a type associated with soils) as a proxy for the isotopic composition of meteoric water shortly after deposition.^[8]