Soft systems methodology

Soft systems methodology (SSM) is an organised way of thinking^{[clarification needed]} that's applicable to problematic social situations and in the management of change by using action. It was developed in England by academics at the Lancaster Systems Department on the basis of a ten-year action research programme.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

^ Checkland, P.B. (2001) Soft Systems Methodology, in J. Rosenhead and J. Mingers (eds), Rational Analysis for a Problematic World Revisited. Chichester: Wiley^{[page needed]}
^ Checkland, Peter (November 2000). "Soft systems methodology: a thirty year retrospective". Systems Research and Behavioral Science. 17 (S1). doi:10.1002/1099-1743(200011)17:1+<::AID-SRES374>3.0.CO;2-O.
^ Checkland P.B. (1981), Systems Thinking, Systems Practice, Wiley [rev 1999 ed]
^ Checkland P.B. and Scholes, J. (1990) Soft Systems in Action, Wiley [rev 1999 ed]^{[page needed]}

[1] Checkland, P.B. (2001) Soft Systems Methodology, in J. Rosenhead and J. Mingers (eds), Rational Analysis for a Problematic World Revisited. Chichester: Wiley^{[page needed]}

[Checkland2000-2] Checkland, Peter (November 2000). "Soft systems methodology: a thirty year retrospective". Systems Research and Behavioral Science. 17 (S1). doi:10.1002/1099-1743(200011)17:1+<::AID-SRES374>3.0.CO;2-O.

[3] Checkland P.B. (1981), Systems Thinking, Systems Practice, Wiley [rev 1999 ed]

[:0-4] Checkland P.B. and Scholes, J. (1990) Soft Systems in Action, Wiley [rev 1999 ed]^{[page needed]}

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