Spiralia

Spiralia; Temporal range: Possible Ediacaran fossil
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Subkingdom:	Eumetazoa
Clade:	ParaHoxozoa
Clade:	Bilateria
Clade:	Nephrozoa
(unranked):	Protostomia
(unranked):	Spiralia; sensu Edgecombe et al. 2011
Phyla
	Traditional: Gnathifera; Platytrochozoa Mesozoa; Rouphozoa Gastrotrich; Platyhelminthes; ; Lophotrochozoa Cycliophora; Annelid; Mollusca; †Macrodontophion?; Kryptotrochozoa? Nemertea; Lophophorata †Tommotiid?; Brachiozoa Brachiopod; Phoronid; ; Bryozoa s.l Bryozoa; Entoprocta; ; ; ; ; ; Phylogenetic: Platyzoa s.l. Bryozoa; Cycliophora; Entoprocta; Platyzoa s.s. Gastrotricha; Gnathifera Gnathostomulida; Micrognathozoa; Syndermata / Rotifera s.l. (incl. Acanthocephala); Chaetognatha; ; Platyhelminthes; Mesozoa? Dicyemida; Monoblastozoa?; Orthonectida?; ; ; ; Trochozoa Mollusca; Nemertea; Annelida; Brachiozoa Brachiopoda; Phoronida; ; ;

The Spiralia are a morphologically diverse clade of protostome animals, including within their number the molluscs, annelids, platyhelminths and other taxa.^[8] The term Spiralia is applied to those phyla that exhibit canonical spiral cleavage, a pattern of early development found in most (but not all) members of the Lophotrochozoa.^[9]

^ Telford, Maximilian J. (2019). "Evolution: Arrow Worms Find Their Place on the Tree of Life". Current Biology. 29 (5): R152–R154. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.12.029. PMID 30836082.
^ Fedonkin, M.A.; Waggoner, B.M. (28 August 1997). "The Late Precambrian fossil Kimberella is a mollusc-like bilaterian organism". Nature. 388 (6645): 868. Bibcode:1997Natur.388..868F. doi:10.1038/42242. S2CID 4395089.
^ Fedonkin, M.A.; Simonetta, A.; Ivantsov, A.Y. (2007). "New data on Kimberella, the Vendian mollusc-like organism (White Sea region, Russia): palaeoecological and evolutionary implications" (PDF). Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 286 (1): 157–179. Bibcode:2007GSLSP.286..157F. doi:10.1144/SP286.12. S2CID 331187. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2008.
^ Giribet G, Dunn CW, Edgecombe GD, Hejnol A, Martindale MQ, Rouse GW. "Assembling the spiralian tree of life". In Telford MJ, Littlewood DT (eds.). Animal Evolution — Genomes, Fossils, and Trees. pp. 52–64.
^ Nesnidal MP, Helmkampf M, Meyer A, Witek A, Bruchhaus I, Ebersberger I, Hankeln T, Lieb B, Struck TH, Hausdorf B (November 2013). "New phylogenomic data support the monophyly of Lophophorata and an Ectoproct-Phoronid clade and indicate that Polyzoa and Kryptrochozoa are caused by systematic bias". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13 (1): 253. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-253. PMC 4225663. PMID 24238092.
^ Cite error: The named reference Polyzoa was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Drábková, Marie; Kocot, Kevin M.; Halanych, Kenneth M.; Oakley, Todd H.; Moroz, Leonid L.; Cannon, Johanna T.; Kuris, Armand; Garcia-Vedrenne, Ana Elisa; Pankey, M. Sabrina; Ellis, Emily A.; Varney, Rebecca; Štefka, Jan; Zrzavý, Jan (13 July 2022). "Different phylogenomic methods support monophyly of enigmatic 'Mesozoa' (Dicyemida + Orthonectida, Lophotrochozoa)". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 289 (1978). doi:10.1098/rspb.2022.0683. ISSN 1471-2954. PMC 9257288. PMID 35858055.
^ Giribet, G. (April 2008). "Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 363 (1496): 1513–22. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2241. PMC 2614230. PMID 18192183.
^ "Explanations.html". Archived from the original on 2013-02-07. Retrieved 2009-06-28.

[1] Telford, Maximilian J. (2019). "Evolution: Arrow Worms Find Their Place on the Tree of Life". Current Biology. 29 (5): R152–R154. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.12.029. PMID 30836082.

[2] Fedonkin, M.A.; Waggoner, B.M. (28 August 1997). "The Late Precambrian fossil Kimberella is a mollusc-like bilaterian organism". Nature. 388 (6645): 868. Bibcode:1997Natur.388..868F. doi:10.1038/42242. S2CID 4395089.

[3] Fedonkin, M.A.; Simonetta, A.; Ivantsov, A.Y. (2007). "New data on Kimberella, the Vendian mollusc-like organism (White Sea region, Russia): palaeoecological and evolutionary implications" (PDF). Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 286 (1): 157–179. Bibcode:2007GSLSP.286..157F. doi:10.1144/SP286.12. S2CID 331187. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2008.

[Giribet2009'-4] Giribet G, Dunn CW, Edgecombe GD, Hejnol A, Martindale MQ, Rouse GW. "Assembling the spiralian tree of life". In Telford MJ, Littlewood DT (eds.). Animal Evolution — Genomes, Fossils, and Trees. pp. 52–64.

[5] Nesnidal MP, Helmkampf M, Meyer A, Witek A, Bruchhaus I, Ebersberger I, Hankeln T, Lieb B, Struck TH, Hausdorf B (November 2013). "New phylogenomic data support the monophyly of Lophophorata and an Ectoproct-Phoronid clade and indicate that Polyzoa and Kryptrochozoa are caused by systematic bias". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13 (1): 253. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-253. PMC 4225663. PMID 24238092.

[Polyzoa-6] Cite error: The named reference Polyzoa was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[7] Drábková, Marie; Kocot, Kevin M.; Halanych, Kenneth M.; Oakley, Todd H.; Moroz, Leonid L.; Cannon, Johanna T.; Kuris, Armand; Garcia-Vedrenne, Ana Elisa; Pankey, M. Sabrina; Ellis, Emily A.; Varney, Rebecca; Štefka, Jan; Zrzavý, Jan (13 July 2022). "Different phylogenomic methods support monophyly of enigmatic 'Mesozoa' (Dicyemida + Orthonectida, Lophotrochozoa)". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 289 (1978). doi:10.1098/rspb.2022.0683. ISSN 1471-2954. PMC 9257288. PMID 35858055.

[pmid18192183-8] Giribet, G. (April 2008). "Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 363 (1496): 1513–22. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2241. PMC 2614230. PMID 18192183.

[urlExplanations.html-9] "Explanations.html". Archived from the original on 2013-02-07. Retrieved 2009-06-28.

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