Sporotrichosis

Sporotrichosis
Sporotrichosis
Other names	Rose thorn disease, rose gardener's disease, rose handler's disease
	Cytologic preparation from a case of feline sporotrichosis; phagocytic cells show numerous variably-shaped yeast forms within
Specialty	Infectious disease
Symptoms	Firm painless nodules that later ulcerate.
Causes	Sporothrix schenckii
Diagnostic method	Serology; Culture: Skin, sputum, CSF, joint aspirate ;
Differential diagnosis	Leishmaniasis, nocardiosis, mycobacterium marinum, cat-scratch disease, syphilis, leprosy, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis
Treatment	Antifungals, surgery
Medication	Itraconazole, posaconazole, amphotericin B
Prognosis	Good with treatment, poor if widespread disease

Sporotrichosis, also known as rose handler's disease,^[2] is a fungal infection that may be localised to skin, lungs, bone and joint, or become systemic.^[2]^[4] It presents with firm painless nodules that later ulcerate.^[3] Following initial exposure to Sporothrix schenckii, the disease typically progresses over a period of a week to several months.^[1] Serious complications may develop in people who have a weakened immune system.^[1]

Sporotrichosis is caused by fungi of the S. schenckii species complex.^[5]^[6] Because S. schenckii is naturally found in soil, hay, sphagnum moss, and plants, it most often affects farmers, gardeners, and agricultural workers.^[7] It enters through small cuts in the skin to cause a fungal infection.^[1] In cases of sporotrichosis affecting the lungs, the fungal spores enter by inhalation.^[1] Sporotrichosis can be acquired by handling cats with the disease; it is an occupational hazard for veterinarians.^[1]

Treatment depends on the site and extent of infection.^[1] Topical antifungals may be applied to skin lesions.^[1] Deep infection in the lungs may require surgery.^[1] Systemic medications used include Itraconazole, posaconazole and amphotericin B.^[1] With treatment, most people will recover,^[1] but an immunocompromised status and systemic infection carry a worse prognosis.^[1]

S. schenkii, the causal fungus, is found worldwide.^[1] The species was named for Benjamin Schenck, a medical student who, in 1896, was the first to isolate it from a human specimen.^[8]

Sporotrichosis has been reported in cats,^[1] mules, dogs, mice and rats.^[3]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u Milner, Dan A.; Solomon, Isaac (2020). "Sporotrichosis". In Milner, Danny A. (ed.). Diagnostic Pathology: Infectious Diseases. Elsevier. pp. 316–319. ISBN 978-0-323-61138-1.
^ ^a ^b ^c Proia, Laurie (2020). "28. The dimorphic mycoses". In Spec, Andrej; Escota, Gerome V.; Chrisler, Courtney; Davies, Bethany (eds.). Comprehensive Review of Infectious Diseases. Elsevier. pp. 421–422. ISBN 978-0-323-56866-1.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d James, William D.; Elston, Dirk; Treat, James R.; Rosenbach, Misha A.; Neuhaus, Isaac (2019). "13. Diseases resulting from fungi and yeasts". Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (13th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 314–315. ISBN 978-0-323-54753-6.
^ Johnstone, Ronald B. (2017). "25. Mycoses and Algal infections". Weedon's Skin Pathology Essentials (2nd ed.). Elsevier. p. 455. ISBN 978-0-7020-6830-0.
^ "ICD-11 - ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics". icd.who.int. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
^ López-Romero, Everardo; et al. (2010). "Sporothrix schenckii complex and sporotrichosis, an emerging health problem". Future Microbiology. 6 (1): 85–102. doi:10.2217/fmb.10.157. PMID 21162638.
^ Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 654–6. ISBN 978-0-8385-8529-0.
^ Barros MB, de Almeida Paes R, Schubach AO (October 2011). "Sporothrix schenckii and Sporotrichosis". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 24 (4): 633–54. doi:10.1128/CMR.00007-11. PMC 3194828. PMID 21976602.

[Milner2020-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u Milner, Dan A.; Solomon, Isaac (2020). "Sporotrichosis". In Milner, Danny A. (ed.). Diagnostic Pathology: Infectious Diseases. Elsevier. pp. 316–319. ISBN 978-0-323-61138-1.

[Proia2020-2] Proia, Laurie (2020). "28. The dimorphic mycoses". In Spec, Andrej; Escota, Gerome V.; Chrisler, Courtney; Davies, Bethany (eds.). Comprehensive Review of Infectious Diseases. Elsevier. pp. 421–422. ISBN 978-0-323-56866-1.

[James2020-3] James, William D.; Elston, Dirk; Treat, James R.; Rosenbach, Misha A.; Neuhaus, Isaac (2019). "13. Diseases resulting from fungi and yeasts". Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (13th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 314–315. ISBN 978-0-323-54753-6.

[John2017-4] Johnstone, Ronald B. (2017). "25. Mycoses and Algal infections". Weedon's Skin Pathology Essentials (2nd ed.). Elsevier. p. 455. ISBN 978-0-7020-6830-0.

[ICD-11-5] "ICD-11 - ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics". icd.who.int. Retrieved 11 July 2021.

[6] López-Romero, Everardo; et al. (2010). "Sporothrix schenckii complex and sporotrichosis, an emerging health problem". Future Microbiology. 6 (1): 85–102. doi:10.2217/fmb.10.157. PMID 21162638.

[Sherris-7] Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 654–6. ISBN 978-0-8385-8529-0.

[8] Barros MB, de Almeida Paes R, Schubach AO (October 2011). "Sporothrix schenckii and Sporotrichosis". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 24 (4): 633–54. doi:10.1128/CMR.00007-11. PMC 3194828. PMID 21976602.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]