Standard gravitational parameter

Body	μ [m³ s⁻²]
Sun	1.32712440018(9)	× 10²⁰ ^[1]
Mercury	2.2032(9)	× 10¹³ ^[2]
Venus	3.24859(9)	× 10¹⁴
Earth	3.986004418(8)	× 10¹⁴ ^[3]
Moon	4.9048695(9)	× 10¹²
Mars	4.282837(2)	× 10¹³ ^[4]
Ceres	6.26325	× 10¹⁰ ^[5]^[6]^[7]
Jupiter	1.26686534(9)	× 10¹⁷
Saturn	3.7931187(9)	× 10¹⁶
Uranus	5.793939(9)	× 10¹⁵ ^[8]
Neptune	6.836529(9)	× 10¹⁵
Pluto	8.71(9)	× 10¹¹ ^[9]
Eris	1.108(9)	× 10¹² ^[10]

In celestial mechanics, the standard gravitational parameter μ of a celestial body is the product of the gravitational constant G and the total mass M of the bodies. For two bodies, the parameter may be expressed as $G (m 1 + m 2)$ , or as $GM$ when one body is much larger than the other: $\mu =G(M+m)\approx GM.$

For several objects in the Solar System, the value of μ is known to greater accuracy than either G or M. The SI unit of the standard gravitational parameter is m³⋅s⁻². However, the unit km³⋅s⁻² is frequently used in the scientific literature and in spacecraft navigation.

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[4] "Mars Gravity Model 2011 (MGM2011)" (PDF). Western Australian Geodesy Group. 2015-03-26. Archived from the original on 2013-04-10.

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