Sudanese revolution

Sudanese Revolution
Sudanese Revolution
Part of the Second Arab Spring
	Sudanese protestors celebrating the 17 August 2019 signing of the Draft Constitutional Declaration between military and civilian representatives
Date	19 December 2018 – 10 October 2019; 39-month revolutionary transition and sporadic protests continue
Caused by	Economic mismanagement and other economic issues (rising costs of basic goods, austerity measures, end to wheat and fuel subsidies, currency devaluation, high inflation, and limits on ATM withdrawals); Authoritarianism (anger at the dictatorship, totalitarianism, political repression, corruption, and human rights abuses of Omar al-Bashir's government, including violent crackdowns on demonstrators);
Goals	Resignation of Omar al-Bashir, transition to democracy, and removal of austerity; Democracy, economic reforms, free elections, and human rights;
Methods	Arson, coup d'etat, demonstrations, online activism, riots, sit-ins, and strike action;
Resulted in	Al-Bashir imposes state of emergency, dissolves central and regional governments, forms new government, and postpones constitutional amendments that would allow him to run for another term in 2020, without cancelling his candidacy; Following protests, military seizes power in coup d'état; Bashir overthrown and arrested.; Junta leader and de facto head of state Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf, the former defence minister and ally of al-Bashir, steps down after protests and transfers power to Abdel Fattah al-Burhan.; Protesters demand immediate transition to a civilian government, protests continue.; Khartoum massacre of 128 protesters by army and Janjaweed militia on 3 June 2019.; Suspension of Sudan from the African Union following Khartoum massacre.; Political Agreement for a transition to democracy made verbally on 5 July and in written form on 17 July 2019.; Draft Constitutional Declaration signed by the FFC and the TMC on 4 August 2019.; Transfer of executive power from TMC to the Sovereignty Council of Sudan, Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok, Chairman of the Sovereignty Council Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, and Transitional Cabinet in late August–early September and judicial power to Chief Justice Nemat Abdullah Khair in October 2019.; Sudanese peace process relaunched in September 2019; Chairman Abdel Fattah al-Burhan executes a self coup and arrests civilian leaders in October 2021;
Parties
Different groups of civil movements and individual people; Forces of Freedom and Change consisting of: Sudanese Professionals Association; Women of Sudanese Civic and Political Groups; National Consensus Forces Sudanese Communist Party; Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Region of Sudan; ; Sudan Call National Umma Party; Sudan Revolutionary Front; Sudanese Congress Party; ; Unionist Alliance; ; Sudanese resistance committees	Sudan Omar al-Bashir's government (until April 2019); Transitional Military Council (April 2019 – August 2019); Janjaweed;
Lead figures
	Non-centralized leadership December 2018 – April 2019; Omar al-Bashir; President of Sudan; Mohamed Tahir Ayala; Prime Minister; Motazz Moussa; Prime Minister; Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo (Hemedti); Head of the Rapid Support Forces; Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf; Sudanese Minister of Defense; Salah Mohammed Abdullah (Gosh); Head of National Intelligence and Security Service April 2019 – August 2019; Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf; Chairman of the Transitional Military Council (11–12 April); Abdel Fattah al-Burhan; Chairman of the Transitional Military Council (12 April – 21 August), Chairman of the Sovereignty Council (21 August–present)
Casualties
Death(s)	246
Arrested	1,200+

The Sudanese Revolution (Arabic: الثورة السودانية, romanized: al-Thawrah al-Sūdānīyah) was a major shift of political power in Sudan that started with street protests throughout Sudan on 19 December 2018^[27]^[28] and continued with sustained civil disobedience for about eight months, during which the 2019 Sudanese coup d'état deposed President Omar al-Bashir on 11 April after thirty years in power, 3 June Khartoum massacre took place under the leadership of the Transitional Military Council (TMC) that replaced al-Bashir, and in July and August 2019^[29] the TMC and the Forces of Freedom and Change alliance (FFC) signed a Political Agreement and a Draft Constitutional Declaration legally defining a planned 39-month phase of transitional state institutions and procedures to return Sudan to a civilian democracy.^[17]^[15]^[16]

In August and September 2019, the TMC formally transferred executive power to a mixed military–civilian collective head of state, the Sovereignty Council of Sudan, and to a civilian prime minister, Abdalla Hamdok and a mostly civilian cabinet, while judicial power was transferred to Nemat Abdullah Khair, Sudan's first female Chief Justice.^[22] While it is mainly about this eight-month period, there are debates on the definition of the Sudanese Revolution, which may also be interpreted to include the period during the prime ministership of Hamdok, who promised that the transitional period would carry out "the program" of the revolution.^[30]

^ Elmileik, Aya. (26 December 2018). "What prompted the protests in Sudan?" Archived 20 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
^ Freytas-Tamura, Kimiko (24 December 2018). "Sudanese Protests, After Days of Violence, Turn Anger Over Bread Toward Bashir". Archived 12 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine. The New York Times. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
^ Baker, Aryn (24 January 2019). "An Uprising in Sudan Threatens to Dismantle Three Decades of Authoritarian Rule". Time. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
^ Abdelaziz, Khalid (15 January 2019). "Explainer: Protesters in Sudan want end to Bashir's 30-year rule". Archived 19 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Reuters. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
^ Walsh, Declan (24 January 2019). "On Sudan's Streets, Young Professionals Protest Against an Autocrat". Archived 19 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine. The New York Times. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
^ "Bashir Calls on Parliament to Delay Amendments Allowing Him Another Term". Haaretz. Reuters. 22 February 2019. Archived from the original on 23 February 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
^ "Sudan Call Launch Campaign Against Al Bashir Re-Election". allAfrica. 9 October 2018. Archived from the original on 10 October 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference OustedNotRegime was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Sudan coup leader Awad Ibn Auf steps down Archived 21 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News (13 April 2019).
^ Cite error: The named reference HugeCrowds was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference SPA_CivilDisobedience was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "Sudan crisis: African Union membership suspended". BBC News. 6 June 2019. Archived from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
^ Cite error: The named reference AJE_transition_plan was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference TMC_FFC_20190717_agreement was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference raisethevoices_4Aug2019_const_dec was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference Const_Dec_En_unofficial was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference Dabanga_const_dec_signed190804 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "Al-Burham forms Sudan's Sovereign Council". Sudan Tribune. 21 August 2019. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
^ Cite error: The named reference AJE_who_Hamdok was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "Sudan opposition coalition appoints five civilian members of sovereign council". Reuters. 18 August 2019. Archived from the original on 18 August 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
^ Cite error: The named reference SudTrib_18outof20 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference Dabanga_Khair_confirmed_191010 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Dabanga_PM2negotiate_Juba was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference AJE_neighbourhoods was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference MEE_new_wave was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Dabanga_deathtoll246 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference AJE_20181219 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference AJE_slogans_revolution was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ AfricaNews (25 October 2021). "Sudan's army declares state of emergency, dissolves government". Africanews. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
^ Cite error: The named reference Hamdok_revolution was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Elmileik-1] Elmileik, Aya. (26 December 2018). "What prompted the protests in Sudan?" Archived 20 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 31 July 2021.

[Freytas-Tamura-2] Freytas-Tamura, Kimiko (24 December 2018). "Sudanese Protests, After Days of Violence, Turn Anger Over Bread Toward Bashir". Archived 12 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine. The New York Times. Retrieved 31 July 2021.

[3] Baker, Aryn (24 January 2019). "An Uprising in Sudan Threatens to Dismantle Three Decades of Authoritarian Rule". Time. Retrieved 31 July 2021.

[4] Abdelaziz, Khalid (15 January 2019). "Explainer: Protesters in Sudan want end to Bashir's 30-year rule". Archived 19 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Reuters. Retrieved 31 July 2021.

[5] Walsh, Declan (24 January 2019). "On Sudan's Streets, Young Professionals Protest Against an Autocrat". Archived 19 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine. The New York Times. Retrieved 31 July 2021.

[6] "Bashir Calls on Parliament to Delay Amendments Allowing Him Another Term". Haaretz. Reuters. 22 February 2019. Archived from the original on 23 February 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2019.

[7] "Sudan Call Launch Campaign Against Al Bashir Re-Election". allAfrica. 9 October 2018. Archived from the original on 10 October 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2018.

[OustedNotRegime-8] Cite error: The named reference OustedNotRegime was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[9] Sudan coup leader Awad Ibn Auf steps down Archived 21 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News (13 April 2019).

[HugeCrowds-10] Cite error: The named reference HugeCrowds was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[SPA_CivilDisobedience-11] Cite error: The named reference SPA_CivilDisobedience was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[12] "Sudan crisis: African Union membership suspended". BBC News. 6 June 2019. Archived from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2019.

[AJE_transition_plan-13] Cite error: The named reference AJE_transition_plan was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[TMC_FFC_20190717_agreement-14] Cite error: The named reference TMC_FFC_20190717_agreement was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[raisethevoices_4Aug2019_const_dec-15] Cite error: The named reference raisethevoices_4Aug2019_const_dec was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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[Dabanga_const_dec_signed190804-17] Cite error: The named reference Dabanga_const_dec_signed190804 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[SudTribune_SovCouncil_exists-18] "Al-Burham forms Sudan's Sovereign Council". Sudan Tribune. 21 August 2019. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2019.

[AJE_who_Hamdok-19] Cite error: The named reference AJE_who_Hamdok was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[20] "Sudan opposition coalition appoints five civilian members of sovereign council". Reuters. 18 August 2019. Archived from the original on 18 August 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2019.

[SudTrib_18outof20-21] Cite error: The named reference SudTrib_18outof20 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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[AJE_neighbourhoods-24] Cite error: The named reference AJE_neighbourhoods was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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[AJE_slogans_revolution-28] Cite error: The named reference AJE_slogans_revolution was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[29] AfricaNews (25 October 2021). "Sudan's army declares state of emergency, dissolves government". Africanews. Retrieved 26 October 2021.

[Hamdok_revolution-30] Cite error: The named reference Hamdok_revolution was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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v t e Second Arab Spring
2018 Iraqi protests 2018 Tunisian protests 2018 Jordanian protests Sudan Sudanese Revolution 2019–2022 Sudanese protests 2019–2021 Algerian protests 2019 Gaza economic protests 2019–2020 Egyptian protests 2019–2021 Lebanese protests 2019–2021 Iraqi protests 2021 Tunisian protests
See also Category