Sun Quan

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Emperor Da of Wu 吳大帝
Tang dynasty portrait of Sun Quan by Yan Liben
Emperor of Eastern Wu
Reign	23 May 229 – 21 May 252
Successor	Sun Liang
King of Wu
Reign	23 September 221[a] – 23 May 229
Marquis of Nanchang (南昌侯)
Tenure	December 219 – 23 September 221
Born	182[b] Han dynasty
Died	May 21, 252(252-05-21) (aged 69–70)[b] Jianye, Eastern Wu
Burial	Purple Mountain
Spouse	Empress Pan Lady Xie Lady Xu Empress Bu Empress Dayi Empress Jinghuai Lady Yuan
Issue (among others)	Sun Deng, Crown Prince Xuan Sun Lü, Marquis of Jianchang Sun He, Prince of Nanyang Sun Ba, Prince of Lu Sun Fen, Marquis of Zhang'an Sun Xiu, Prince of Langya Sun Liang, Marquis of Houguan Grand Princess Quan Princess Zhu
Era dates Huangwu (黃武; 222–229) Huanglong (黃龍; 229–231) Jiahe (嘉禾; 232–238) Chiwu (赤烏; 238–251) Taiyuan (太元; 251–252) Shenfeng (神鳳; 252) Posthumous name Emperor Da (大皇帝) Temple name Taizu (太祖)
Dynasty	Eastern Wu
Father	Sun Jian
Mother	Empress Wulie
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	孫權
Simplified Chinese	孙权
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Sūn Quán Gwoyeu Romatzyh Suen Chyuan Wade–Giles Sun1 Ch'üan2 IPA [swə́n tɕʰɥɛ̌n] Wu Suzhounese Sen Jyœ́ Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Syūn Kyùhn Jyutping Syun1 Kyun4 IPA [syːn˥ kʰyːn˩] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Sun Khoân

Sun Quan (pronunciation^ⓘ; 182 – 21 May 252),^[b][2] courtesy name Zhongmou (仲謀), posthumously known as Emperor Da of Wu, was the founder of Eastern Wu, one of the Three Kingdoms of China. He inherited control of the warlord regime established by his elder brother, Sun Ce, in 200. He declared formal independence and ruled from November 222 to May 229 as the King of Wu and from May 229 to May 252 as the Emperor of Wu. Unlike his rivals Cao Cao and Liu Bei, Sun Quan was much younger than they were and governed his state mostly separate of politics and ideology. He is sometimes portrayed as neutral considering he adopted a flexible foreign policy between his two rivals with the goal of pursuing the greatest interests for the country.

Sun Quan was born while his father Sun Jian served as the adjutant of Xiapi County. After Sun Jian's death in the early 190s, he and his family lived at various cities on the lower Yangtze, until Sun Ce carved out a warlord regime in the Jiangdong region, based on his own followers and a number of local clan allegiances. When Sun Ce was assassinated by the retainers of Xu Gong in 200, the 18-year-old Sun Quan inherited the lands southeast of the Yangtze River from his brother. His administration proved to be relatively stable in those early years as Sun Jian and Sun Ce's most senior officers, such as Zhou Yu, Zhang Zhao, Zhang Hong, and Cheng Pu supported the succession. Thus throughout the 200s, Sun Quan, under the tutelage of his able advisers, continued to build up his strength along the Yangtze River. In early 207, his forces finally won complete victory over Huang Zu, a military leader under Liu Biao, who dominated the middle Yangtze. Huang Zu was killed in battle.

In winter of that year, the northern warlord Cao Cao led an army of approximately 220,000 to conquer the south to complete the reunification of China. Two distinct factions emerged at his court on how to handle the situation. One, led by Zhang Zhao, urged surrender whilst the other, led by Zhou Yu and Lu Su, opposed capitulation. Eventually, Sun Quan decided to oppose Cao Cao in the middle Yangtze with his superior riverine forces. Allied with Liu Bei and employing the combined strategies of Zhou Yu and Huang Gai, they defeated Cao Cao decisively at the Battle of Red Cliffs.

In late 220, Cao Pi, King of Wei, Cao Cao's son and successor, seized the throne and proclaimed himself to be the Emperor of China, ending and succeeding the nominal rule of the Han dynasty. At first Sun Quan nominally served as a Wei vassal with the Wei-created title of King of Wu, but after Cao Pi demanded that he send his son Sun Deng as a hostage to the Wei capital Luoyang and he refused. In November 222, he declared himself independent by changing his era name. It was not until May 229 that he formally declared himself emperor.

After the death of his original crown prince, Sun Deng, two opposing factions supporting different potential successors slowly emerged. When Sun He succeeded Sun Deng as the new crown prince, he was supported by Lu Xun and Zhuge Ke, while his rival Sun Ba was supported by Quan Cong and Bu Zhi and their clans. Over a prolonged internal power struggle, numerous officials were executed, and Sun Quan harshly settled the conflict between the two factions by exiling Sun He and forcing Sun Ba to commit suicide. Sun Quan died in May 252 at the age of 70 (by East Asian reckoning). He enjoyed the longest reign among all the founders of the Three Kingdoms and was succeeded by his son, Sun Liang.

The Records of the Three Kingdoms describes Sun Quan as a tall man with bright eyes and oblong face.^[3] He was known as a wise and outgoing man who was fond of making jokes and playing tricks. Because of his skill in valuing the strength of his subordinates and avoiding their shortcomings, as well as treating them like his family, Sun Quan was able to delegate authority to capable figures. This primary strength served him well in gaining the support of the common people and surrounding himself with capable generals.

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