Tambralinga

Tambralinga Tāmbraliṅga
c. 2nd century CE–1277
Tambralinga and neighboring Hindu-Buddhist Austronesian kingdoms in the Middle Ages
Capital	Nakhon Si Thammarat (on the Malay Peninsula)
Common languages	Old Malay, Mon Sanskrit
Religion	Hinduism, Buddhism
Government	Monarchy
King
• 1230–1262	Chandrabhanu
• 1263–1277	Savakanmaindan
History
• First mentioned in the Mahaniddesa[1][2]: 19	c. 2nd century CE
• Tambralinga conquered Lavo[3]	927
• First mentioned in medieval Chinese sources	970
• Vassal State of the Srivijaya Empire[a][2]: 22	775–969
• Late Independent	970–1277
• Tambralinga conquered the Angkor[2]: 22–23	1003
• Cholas attacked Tambralinga[2]: 22	1025
• Tambralinga invaded Sri Lanka	1247
• Refounded and became Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom	1278
• The southern peninsula became independent as the Malacca Sultanate	1365
• Fall of Tambralinga	1277
Preceded by Succeeded by Srivijaya Pan Pan Malacca Sultanate Nakhon Si Thammarat
Today part of	Thailand, Malaysia

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Timeline Prehistory Spirit Cave 9000 BCE–5500 BCE Ban Chiang 2,100 BCE–200 CE Initial states Suvarnabhumi Legendary Singhanavati 691 BCE–638 CE Tun Sun 52 CE–600 CE Tambralinga 100 CE–1277 CE Dvaravati 500 CE–1200 CE Wen Dan 600 CE–800 CE Lavo 648 CE–1388 CE Ngoenyang 638 CE–1292 CE Haripuñjaya 745 CE–1292 CE Canasapura 790 CE–974 CE Pan Pan 300 CE–700 CE Raktamaritika 200 CE–700 CE Langkasuka 200 CE–1500 CE Srivijaya 671 CE–1025 CE Regional kingdoms Lan Na 1292–1775 Phayao 1094–1338 Nakhon Si Thammarat 1278–1782 Singora 1605–1680 Pattani 1457–1902 Satun 1808–1916 Reman 1810–1902 Main history Sukhothai Kingdom 1238–1438 Ayutthaya Kingdom 1351–1767 Thonburi Kingdom 1767–1782 Rattanakosin Kingdom 1782–present 1782–1932 1932–1973 1973–2001 2001–present
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Tambralinga (Sanskrit: Tāmbraliṅga) was an Indianised kingdom located on the Malay Peninsula (in modern-day Southern Thailand), existing at least from the 2nd to 13th centuries CE.^[1][2]: 19 It was under the influence of Srivijaya for some time,^[a] but later became independent from it. The name had been forgotten until scholars recognized Tambralinga as Nakhon Si Thammarat (Nagara Sri Dharmaraja). In Sanskrit and Prakrit, tām(b)ra means "copper", "copper-coloured" or "red" and linga means "symbol" or "creation", typically representing the divine energy of Shiva.^[4][5]

Tambralinga first sent an embassy to China under the Song dynasty in 1001. In the 12th century it may or may not have been under the suzerainty of the Burmese Pagan Kingdom and a kingdom of Sri Lanka.^[6] At its height in the mid-13th century, under King Chandrabhanu, Tambralinga was independent, regrouping and consolidating its power and even invading Sri Lanka.^[7] By the end of the 13th century, Tambralinga was recorded in Siamese history as Nakhon Si Thammarat, under the suzerainty of the Tai Sukhothai Kingdom.^[8]

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