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Thiamine

Not to be confused with Thymine.

Thiamine
Skeletal formula and ball-and-stick model of the thiamine cation
Clinical data
Pronunciation/ˈθaɪ.əmɪn/ THY-ə-min
Other namesVitamin B1, aneurine, thiamin
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
License data
Routes of
administration		By mouth, intravenous, intramuscular[1]
Drug classVitamin
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability3.7% to 5.3% (Thiamine hydrochloride)[2]
Elimination half-life1–12 h
Identifiers
  • 2-[3-[(4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-3-ium-5-yl]ethanol
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC12H17N4OS+
Molar mass265.36 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • cation: Cc2ncc(C[n+]1csc(CCO)c1C)c(N)n2
  • cation: InChI=1S/C12H17N4OS/c1-8-11(3-4-17)18-7-16(8)6-10-5-14-9(2)15-12(10)13/h5,7,17H,3-4,6H2,1-2H3,(H2,13,14,15)/q+1 checkY
  • Key:JZRWCGZRTZMZEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Thiamine, also known as thiamin and vitamin B1, is a vitamin – an essential micronutrient for humans and animals.[1][3][4] It is found in food and commercially synthesized to be a dietary supplement or medication.[1] Phosphorylated forms of thiamine are required for some metabolic reactions, including the breakdown of glucose and amino acids.[1][3][5]

Food sources of thiamine include whole grains, legumes, and some meats and fish.[1] Grain processing removes much of the vitamin content, so in many countries cereals and flours are enriched with thiamine.[1][5] Supplements and medications are available to treat and prevent thiamine deficiency and the disorders that result from it such as beriberi and Wernicke encephalopathy.[1][3][5] They are also used to treat maple syrup urine disease and Leigh syndrome.[6] Supplements and medications are typically taken by mouth, but may also be given by intravenous or intramuscular injection.[6]

Thiamine supplements are generally well tolerated. Allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, may occur when repeated doses are given by injection.[4][6][7] Thiamine is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[8] It is available as a generic medication, and in some countries as a non-prescription dietary supplement.[1][6] In 2022, it was the 288th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 500,000 prescriptions.[9][10]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "Thiamin: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals". Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health. 9 February 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2025.
  2. ^ Smithline HA, Donnino M, Greenblatt DJ (February 2012). "Pharmacokinetics of high-dose oral thiamine hydrochloride in healthy subjects". BMC Clinical Pharmacology. 12 (1): 4. doi:10.1186/1472-6904-12-4. PMC 3293077. PMID 22305197.
  3. ^ a b c "Thiamin". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. 2025. Retrieved 21 January 2025.
  4. ^ a b "Thiamine". MedlinePlus, US National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 21 January 2025.
  5. ^ a b c Whitfield KC, Bourassa MW, Adamolekun B, Bergeron G, Bettendorff L, Brown KH, et al. (October 2018). "Thiamine deficiency disorders: diagnosis, prevalence, and a roadmap for global control programs". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1430 (1): 3–43. Bibcode:2018NYASA1430....3W. doi:10.1111/nyas.13919. PMC 6392124. PMID 30151974.
  6. ^ a b c d American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (12 January 2025). "Thiamine Hydrochloride". Drugs.com. Retrieved 21 January 2025.
  7. ^ Kliegman RM, Stanton B (2016). Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 322. ISBN 9781455775668. There are no cases of adverse effects of excess thiamine... A few isolated cases of puritis...
  8. ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  9. ^ "The Top 300 of 2022". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 30 August 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  10. ^ "Thiamine Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022". ClinCalc. Retrieved 30 August 2024.

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