Third-party punishment

Third-party punishment, or altruistic punishment, is punishment of a transgressor (first party) which is administered, not by a victim of the transgression (second party), but rather by a third party not directly affected by the transgression.^[1] It has been argued that third-party punishments are the essence of social norms, as they are an evolutionarily stable strategy, unlike second-party punishments.^[2] It has also been shown that third-party punishments are exhibited in all examined populations, though the magnitude of the punishments varies greatly, and that costly punishment co-varies with altruistic behavior.^[3]^[4]^{[text–source integrity?]}^[5] Differences between within-group and inter-group altruistic punishments have also been observed.^[6]

^ Fehr, Ernst; Fischbacher, Urs (2004). "Third-party punishment and social norms" (PDF). Evolution and Human Behavior. 25 (2): 63–87. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.120.5059. doi:10.1016/S1090-5138(04)00005-4.
^ Bendor, Jonathon; Swistak, Piot (2001). "The Evolution of Norms". American Journal of Sociology. 106 (6): 1493–1545. doi:10.1086/321298. S2CID 53463157.
^ Henrich, Joseph; Richard McElreath; Abigail Barr; Jean Ensminger; Clark Barrett; Alexander Bolyanatz; Juan Camilo Cardenas; Michael Gurven; Edwins Gwako; Natalie Henrich; Carolyn Lesorogol; Frank Marlowe; David Tracer; John Ziker (2006). "Costly Punishment across Human Societies". Science. New Series. 312 (5781): 1767–1770. Bibcode:2006Sci...312.1767H. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.714.70. doi:10.1126/science.1127333. PMID 16794075. S2CID 4793548.
^ Marlowe, Frank W.; Berbesque, J. Colette (2007). "More 'altruistic' punishment in larger societies". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1634): 587–590. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1517. PMC 2596817. PMID 18089534.^{[need quotation to verify]}
^ Marlowe, Frank W. (2009). "Hadza Cooperation". Human Nature. 20 (4): 417–430. doi:10.1007/s12110-009-9072-6. S2CID 146541356.^{[need quotation to verify]}
^ Bernhard, Helen; Urs Fischbacher; Ernst Fehr (2006). "Parochial altruism in humans". Nature. 442 (7105): 912–915. Bibcode:2006Natur.442..912B. doi:10.1038/nature04981. PMID 16929297. S2CID 4411945.

[Fehr-1] Fehr, Ernst; Fischbacher, Urs (2004). "Third-party punishment and social norms" (PDF). Evolution and Human Behavior. 25 (2): 63–87. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.120.5059. doi:10.1016/S1090-5138(04)00005-4.

[Bendor-2] Bendor, Jonathon; Swistak, Piot (2001). "The Evolution of Norms". American Journal of Sociology. 106 (6): 1493–1545. doi:10.1086/321298. S2CID 53463157.

[Henrich1-3] Henrich, Joseph; Richard McElreath; Abigail Barr; Jean Ensminger; Clark Barrett; Alexander Bolyanatz; Juan Camilo Cardenas; Michael Gurven; Edwins Gwako; Natalie Henrich; Carolyn Lesorogol; Frank Marlowe; David Tracer; John Ziker (2006). "Costly Punishment across Human Societies". Science. New Series. 312 (5781): 1767–1770. Bibcode:2006Sci...312.1767H. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.714.70. doi:10.1126/science.1127333. PMID 16794075. S2CID 4793548.

[Marlowe1-4] Marlowe, Frank W.; Berbesque, J. Colette (2007). "More 'altruistic' punishment in larger societies". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1634): 587–590. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1517. PMC 2596817. PMID 18089534.^{[need quotation to verify]}

[Hadza-5] Marlowe, Frank W. (2009). "Hadza Cooperation". Human Nature. 20 (4): 417–430. doi:10.1007/s12110-009-9072-6. S2CID 146541356.^{[need quotation to verify]}

[Parochial-6] Bernhard, Helen; Urs Fischbacher; Ernst Fehr (2006). "Parochial altruism in humans". Nature. 442 (7105): 912–915. Bibcode:2006Natur.442..912B. doi:10.1038/nature04981. PMID 16929297. S2CID 4411945.

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