Time dilation

Time dilation is the difference in elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either because of a relative velocity between them (special relativity), or a difference in gravitational potential between their locations (general relativity). When unspecified, "time dilation" usually refers to the effect due to velocity.

After compensating for varying signal delays resulting from the changing distance between an observer and a moving clock (i.e. Doppler effect), the observer will measure the moving clock as ticking more slowly than a clock at rest in the observer's own reference frame. There is a difference between observed and measured relativistic time dilation - the observer does not visually perceive time dilation in the same way that they measure it.^[1] In addition, a clock that is close to a massive body (and which therefore is at lower gravitational potential) will record less elapsed time than a clock situated farther from the same massive body (and which is at a higher gravitational potential).

These predictions of the theory of relativity have been repeatedly confirmed by experiment, and they are of practical concern, for instance in the operation of satellite navigation systems such as GPS and Galileo.^[2]

^ Hughes, Theo; Kersting, Magdalena (5 January 2021). "The invisibility of time dilation". Physics Education. 56 (2): 025011. doi:10.1088/1361-6552/abce02.
^ Cite error: The named reference Ashby was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[1] Hughes, Theo; Kersting, Magdalena (5 January 2021). "The invisibility of time dilation". Physics Education. 56 (2): 025011. doi:10.1088/1361-6552/abce02.

[Ashby-2] Cite error: The named reference Ashby was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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