Toll-like receptor 9

TLR9
Identifiers
Aliases	TLR9, CD289, toll like receptor 9
External IDs	OMIM: 605474; MGI: 1932389; HomoloGene: 68126; GeneCards: TLR9; OMA:TLR9 - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 3 (human)
End	52,225,645 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 9 (mouse)
End	106,104,082 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	blood; ; granulocyte; ; lymph node; ; bone marrow cells; ; spleen; ; monocyte; ; cerebellar hemisphere; ; right hemisphere of cerebellum; ; gastrocnemius muscle; ; skeletal muscle tissue;
	Top expressed in
	zygote; ; gastrula; ; secondary oocyte; ; morula; ; granulocyte; ; sternocleidomastoid muscle; ; spleen; ; digastric muscle; ; temporal muscle; ; thymus;
	More reference expression data
	n/a
Gene ontology
Molecular function	siRNA binding; interleukin-1 receptor binding; transmembrane signaling receptor activity; 1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activity; protein homodimerization activity; unmethylated CpG binding; pattern recognition receptor activity;
Cellular component	cytoplasm; integral component of membrane; endosome; endoplasmic reticulum membrane; membrane; early phagosome; Golgi membrane; plasma membrane; extracellular region; basolateral plasma membrane; apical plasma membrane; endoplasmic reticulum; phagocytic vesicle; endolysosome membrane; lysosome; endosome membrane; cytoplasmic vesicle; extracellular space; endolysosome;
Biological process	positive regulation of interleukin-18 production; positive regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway; positive regulation of inflammatory response; positive regulation of interleukin-12 production; axonogenesis; positive regulation of interleukin-10 production; immune system process; positive regulation of JUN kinase activity; negative regulation of interleukin-6 production; I-kappaB phosphorylation; positive regulation of JNK cascade; positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process; MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway; negative regulation of interleukin-8 production; positive regulation of gene expression; negative regulation of ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity; negative regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway; defense response to bacterium; maintenance of gastrointestinal epithelium; positive regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production; positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity; positive regulation of interleukin-8 production; positive regulation of interleukin-6 production; positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production; positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling; positive regulation of chemokine production; tumor necrosis factor production; toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway; innate immune response; inflammatory response; response to molecule of bacterial origin; negative regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity; positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II; signal transduction; positive regulation of interferon-beta production; toll-like receptor signaling pathway; phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate biosynthetic process; positive regulation of immunoglobulin production; positive regulation of B cell proliferation; regulation of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway; positive regulation of MAPK cascade; regulation of B cell differentiation; positive regulation of B cell activation; positive regulation of NIK/NF-kappaB signaling; immune response; I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling; defense response to virus;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	54106
	81897
	ENSG00000239732
	ENSMUSG00000045322
	Q9NR96
	Q9EQU3
	NM_138688; NM_017442
	NM_031178
	NP_059138
	NP_112455
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Toll-like receptor 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR9 gene.^[5] TLR9 has also been designated as CD289 (cluster of differentiation 289). It is a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family. TLR9 is an important receptor expressed in immune system cells including dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, and other antigen presenting cells.^[5] TLR9 is expressed on endosomes internalized from the plasma membrane, binds DNA (preferentially DNA containing unmethylated CpGs of bacterial or viral origin), and triggers signaling cascades that lead to a pro-inflammatory cytokine response.^[6]^[7] Cancer, infection, and tissue damage can all modulate TLR9 expression and activation.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11] TLR9 is also an important factor in autoimmune diseases, and there is active research into synthetic TLR9 agonists and antagonists that help regulate autoimmune inflammation.^[10]^[12]

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000239732 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000045322 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ ^a ^b Du X, Poltorak A, Wei Y, Beutler B (September 2000). "Three novel mammalian toll-like receptors: gene structure, expression, and evolution". European Cytokine Network. 11 (3): 362–71. PMID 11022119.
^ Cite error: The named reference Martínez-Campos_2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference Notley_2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference gene-TLR9 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Dias_2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference Christensen_2006 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Omiya_2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Peng_2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000239732 – Ensembl, May 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000045322 – Ensembl, May 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[Du_2000-5] Du X, Poltorak A, Wei Y, Beutler B (September 2000). "Three novel mammalian toll-like receptors: gene structure, expression, and evolution". European Cytokine Network. 11 (3): 362–71. PMID 11022119.

[Martínez-Campos_2017-6] Cite error: The named reference Martínez-Campos_2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Notley_2017-7] Cite error: The named reference Notley_2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[gene-TLR9-8] Cite error: The named reference gene-TLR9 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Dias_2016-9] Cite error: The named reference Dias_2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Christensen_2006-10] Cite error: The named reference Christensen_2006 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Omiya_2016-11] Cite error: The named reference Omiya_2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Peng_2016-12] Cite error: The named reference Peng_2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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