Topical fluoride

Topical fluorides are fluoride-containing drugs indicated in prevention and treatment of dental caries, particularly in children's primary dentitions.^[1] The dental-protecting property of topical fluoride can be attributed to multiple mechanisms of action, including the promotion of remineralization of decalcified enamel, the inhibition of the cariogenic microbial metabolism in dental plaque and the increase of tooth resistance to acid dissolution.^[2] Topical fluoride is available in a variety of dose forms, for example, toothpaste, mouth rinses, varnish and silver diamine solution.^[3] These dosage forms possess different absorption mechanisms and consist of different active ingredients.^[4] Common active ingredients include sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, silver diamine fluoride.^[4] These ingredients account for different pharmacokinetic profiles, thereby having varied dosing regimes and therapeutic effects.^[4] A minority of individuals may experience certain adverse effects, including dermatological irritation, hypersensitivity reactions, neurotoxicity and dental fluorosis.^[5]^[6]^[7] In severe cases, fluoride overdose may lead to acute toxicity.^[6] While topical fluoride is effective in preventing dental caries, it should be used with caution in specific situations to avoid undesired side effects.^[8]

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^ Chen, Kitty; Gao, Sherry; Duangthip, Duangporn; Lo, Edward; Chu, Chun (2018-01-30). "Managing Early Childhood Caries for Young Children in China". Healthcare. 6 (1): 11. doi:10.3390/healthcare6010011. ISSN 2227-9032. PMC 5872218. PMID 29385684.
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^ Cvikl, Barbara; Moritz, Andreas; Bekes, Katrin (2018-06-12). "Pit and Fissure Sealants—A Comprehensive Review". Dentistry Journal. 6 (2): 18. doi:10.3390/dj6020018. ISSN 2304-6767. PMC 6023524. PMID 29895726.
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[3] Chen, Kitty; Gao, Sherry; Duangthip, Duangporn; Lo, Edward; Chu, Chun (2018-01-30). "Managing Early Childhood Caries for Young Children in China". Healthcare. 6 (1): 11. doi:10.3390/healthcare6010011. ISSN 2227-9032. PMC 5872218. PMID 29385684.

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[:10-7] Cvikl, Barbara; Moritz, Andreas; Bekes, Katrin (2018-06-12). "Pit and Fissure Sealants—A Comprehensive Review". Dentistry Journal. 6 (2): 18. doi:10.3390/dj6020018. ISSN 2304-6767. PMC 6023524. PMID 29895726.

[:1-8] Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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