Touchard polynomials

The Touchard polynomials, studied by Jacques Touchard (1939),^[1] also called the exponential polynomials or Bell polynomials, comprise a polynomial sequence of binomial type defined by

${\displaystyle T_{n}(x)=\sum _{k=0}^{n}S(n,k)x^{k}=\sum _{k=0}^{n}\left\{{n \atop k}\right\}x^{k},}$

where ${\displaystyle S(n,k)=\left\{{n \atop k}\right\}}$ is a Stirling number of the second kind, i.e., the number of partitions of a set of size n into k disjoint non-empty subsets.^[2][3][4][5]

The first few Touchard polynomials are

${\displaystyle T_{1}(x)=x,}$

${\displaystyle T_{2}(x)=x^{2}+x,}$

${\displaystyle T_{3}(x)=x^{3}+3x^{2}+x,}$

${\displaystyle T_{4}(x)=x^{4}+6x^{3}+7x^{2}+x,}$

${\displaystyle T_{5}(x)=x^{5}+10x^{4}+25x^{3}+15x^{2}+x.}$