Treponema pallidum

Treponema pallidum
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Spirochaetota
Class:	Spirochaetia
Order:	Spirochaetales
Family:	Treponemataceae
Genus:	Treponema
Species:	T. pallidum
Binomial name
	Treponema pallidum; Schaudinn & Hoffmann, 1905

Treponema pallidum, formerly known as Spirochaeta pallida, is a microaerophilic spirochaete bacterium with subspecies that cause the diseases syphilis, bejel (also known as endemic syphilis), and yaws. It is known to be transmitted only among humans^[1] and baboons.^[2] It is a helically coiled microorganism usually 6–15 μm long and 0.1–0.2 μm wide.^[1] T. pallidum's lack of both a tricarboxylic acid cycle and processes for oxidative phosphorylation results in minimal metabolic activity.^[3] The treponemes have cytoplasmic and outer membranes. Using light microscopy, treponemes are visible only by using dark-field illumination. T. pallidum consists of three subspecies, T. p. pallidum, T. p. endemicum, and T. p. pertenue, each of which has a distinct associated disease.^[4]

^ ^a ^b Radolf JD (1996). Baron S (ed.). Treponema (4th ed.). Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2. PMID 21413263. NBK7716. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
^ Harper KN, Fyumagwa RD, Hoare R, Wambura PN, Coppenhaver DH, Sapolsky RM, Alberts SC, Tung J, Rogers J, Kilewo M, Batamuzi EK, Leendertz FH, Armelagos GJ, Knauf S (2012). "Treponema pallidum Infection in the Wild Baboons of East Africa: Distribution and Genetic Characterization of the Strains Responsible". PLOS ONE. 7 (12): e50882. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050882. PMC 3527465. PMID 23284649.
^ Norris SJ, Cox DL, Weinstock GM (2001). "Biology of Treponema pallidum: Correlation of Functional Activities With Genome Sequence Data" (PDF). JMMB Review. 3 (1): 37–62. PMID 11200228.
^ Centurion-Lara A, Molini BJ, Godornes C, Sun E, Hevner K, Voorhis WC, Lukehart SA (1 September 2006). "Molecular Differentiation of Treponema pallidum Subspecies". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 44 (9): 3377–80. doi:10.1128/JCM.00784-06. PMC 1594706. PMID 16954278.

[NBK7716-1] Radolf JD (1996). Baron S (ed.). Treponema (4th ed.). Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2. PMID 21413263. NBK7716. Retrieved 13 February 2019.

[Harper-2012-2] Harper KN, Fyumagwa RD, Hoare R, Wambura PN, Coppenhaver DH, Sapolsky RM, Alberts SC, Tung J, Rogers J, Kilewo M, Batamuzi EK, Leendertz FH, Armelagos GJ, Knauf S (2012). "Treponema pallidum Infection in the Wild Baboons of East Africa: Distribution and Genetic Characterization of the Strains Responsible". PLOS ONE. 7 (12): e50882. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050882. PMC 3527465. PMID 23284649.

[Norris-2001-3] Norris SJ, Cox DL, Weinstock GM (2001). "Biology of Treponema pallidum: Correlation of Functional Activities With Genome Sequence Data" (PDF). JMMB Review. 3 (1): 37–62. PMID 11200228.

[4] Centurion-Lara A, Molini BJ, Godornes C, Sun E, Hevner K, Voorhis WC, Lukehart SA (1 September 2006). "Molecular Differentiation of Treponema pallidum Subspecies". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 44 (9): 3377–80. doi:10.1128/JCM.00784-06. PMC 1594706. PMID 16954278.

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