Triassic | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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![]() Map of Earth as it appeared 220 million years ago during the Late Triassic, Norian stage | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Chronology | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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Etymology | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Name formality | Formal | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Usage information | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Celestial body | Earth | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Regional usage | Global (ICS) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Time scale(s) used | ICS Time Scale | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Definition | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Chronological unit | Period | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Stratigraphic unit | System | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Time span formality | Formal | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Lower boundary definition | First appearance of the conodont Hindeodus parvus | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Lower boundary GSSP | Meishan, Zhejiang, China 31°04′47″N 119°42′21″E / 31.0798°N 119.7058°E | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Lower GSSP ratified | 2001[6] | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Upper boundary definition | First appearance of the ammonite Psiloceras spelae tirolicum | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Upper boundary GSSP | Kuhjoch section, Karwendel mountains, Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria 47°29′02″N 11°31′50″E / 47.4839°N 11.5306°E | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Upper GSSP ratified | 2010[7] |
The Triassic (/traɪˈæsɪk/ try-ASS-ik; sometimes symbolized 🝈)[8] is a geologic period and system which spans 50.5 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.902 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.4 Mya.[9] The Triassic is the first and shortest period of the Mesozoic Era. Both the start and end of the period are marked by major extinction events.[10] The Triassic Period is subdivided into three epochs: Early Triassic, Middle Triassic and Late Triassic.
The Triassic began in the wake of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, which left the Earth's biosphere impoverished; it was well into the middle of the Triassic before life recovered its former diversity. Three categories of organisms can be distinguished in the Triassic record: survivors from the extinction event, new groups that flourished briefly, and other new groups that went on to dominate the Mesozoic Era. Reptiles, especially archosaurs, were the chief terrestrial vertebrates during this time. A specialized group of archosaurs, called dinosaurs, first appeared in the Late Triassic but did not become dominant until the succeeding Jurassic Period.[11] Archosaurs that became dominant in this period were primarily pseudosuchians, relatives and ancestors of modern crocodilians, while some archosaurs specialized in flight, the first time among vertebrates, becoming the pterosaurs.
Therapsids, the dominant vertebrates of the preceding Permian period, declined throughout the period. The first true mammals, themselves a specialized subgroup of therapsids, also evolved during this period. The vast supercontinent of Pangaea dominated the globe during the Triassic, but in the latest Triassic (Rhaetian) and Early Jurassic it began to gradually rift into two separate landmasses: Laurasia to the north and Gondwana to the south.
The global climate during the Triassic was mostly hot and dry,[12] with deserts spanning much of Pangaea's interior. However, the climate shifted and became more humid as Pangaea began to drift apart. The end of the period was marked by yet another major mass extinction, the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event, that wiped out many groups, including most pseudosuchians, and allowed dinosaurs to assume dominance in the Jurassic.
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