Trophoblast

Trophoblast
Trophoblast
	Blastocyst with an inner cell mass and trophoblast.
Details
Days	6
Gives rise to	Caul
Identifiers
Latin	trophoblastus; massa cellularis externa
MeSH	D014327
TE	E6.0.1.1.2.0.2
FMA	83029
	Anatomical terminology

The trophoblast (from Greek trephein: to feed; and blastos: germinator) is the outer layer of cells of the blastocyst. Trophoblasts are present four days after fertilization in humans.^[1] They provide nutrients to the embryo and develop into a large part of the placenta.^[2]^[3] They form during the first stage of pregnancy and are the first cells to differentiate from the fertilized egg to become extraembryonic structures that do not directly contribute to the embryo. After blastulation, the trophoblast is contiguous with the ectoderm of the embryo and is referred to as the trophectoderm. ^[4] After the first differentiation, the cells in the human embryo lose their totipotency because they can no longer form a trophoblast. They become pluripotent stem cells.

^ Tang, Jiaqi; Liu, Bailin; Li, Na; Zhang, Mengshu; Li, Xiang; Gao, Qinqin; Zhou, Xiuwen; Sun, Miao; Xu, Zhice; Lu, Xiyuan (2020). "Development of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone and Nitric Oxide System in the Fetus and Neonate". Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Endocrinology. pp. 643–662. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814823-5.00038-6. ISBN 978-0-12-814823-5. S2CID 208378249.
^ Soares, Michael J.; Varberg, Kaela M. (2018). "Trophoblast". Encyclopedia of Reproduction. pp. 417–423. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.64664-0. ISBN 978-0-12-815145-7.
^ Baines, K.J.; Renaud, S.J. (2017). "Transcription Factors That Regulate Trophoblast Development and Function". Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science. 145: 39–88. doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.12.003. ISBN 978-0-12-809327-6. PMID 28110754.
^ Douglas, Gordon C.; VandeVoort, Catherine A.; Kumar, Priyadarsini; Chang, Tien-Cheng; Golos, Thaddeus G. (2009-03-18). "Trophoblast Stem Cells: Models for Investigating Trophectoderm Differentiation and Placental Development". Endocrine Reviews. 30 (3). The Endocrine Society: 228–240. doi:10.1210/er.2009-0001. ISSN 0163-769X. PMC 2726840. PMID 19299251.

[1] Tang, Jiaqi; Liu, Bailin; Li, Na; Zhang, Mengshu; Li, Xiang; Gao, Qinqin; Zhou, Xiuwen; Sun, Miao; Xu, Zhice; Lu, Xiyuan (2020). "Development of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone and Nitric Oxide System in the Fetus and Neonate". Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Endocrinology. pp. 643–662. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814823-5.00038-6. ISBN 978-0-12-814823-5. S2CID 208378249.

[2] Soares, Michael J.; Varberg, Kaela M. (2018). "Trophoblast". Encyclopedia of Reproduction. pp. 417–423. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.64664-0. ISBN 978-0-12-815145-7.

[3] Baines, K.J.; Renaud, S.J. (2017). "Transcription Factors That Regulate Trophoblast Development and Function". Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science. 145: 39–88. doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.12.003. ISBN 978-0-12-809327-6. PMID 28110754.

[Douglas_VandeVoort_Kumar_Chang_2009_pp._228–240-4] Douglas, Gordon C.; VandeVoort, Catherine A.; Kumar, Priyadarsini; Chang, Tien-Cheng; Golos, Thaddeus G. (2009-03-18). "Trophoblast Stem Cells: Models for Investigating Trophectoderm Differentiation and Placental Development". Endocrine Reviews. 30 (3). The Endocrine Society: 228–240. doi:10.1210/er.2009-0001. ISSN 0163-769X. PMC 2726840. PMID 19299251.

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