Back حل الدولتين Arabic حل الدولتين ARZ Solució de dos estats Catalan چارەسەری دوو دەوڵەت CKB Dvoustátní řešení Czech To-stats-løsning Danish Zweistaatenlösung German Λύση των δύο κρατών (Ισραήλ-Παλαιστίνη) Greek Duŝtata solvo Esperanto Solución de dos Estados Spanish
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The two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict proposes to resolve the conflict by establishing two nation states in former Mandatory Palestine. The implementation of a two-state solution would involve the establishment of an independent State of Palestine alongside the State of Israel. The two-state solution is widely supported in the international community, as well as by the Palestinian Authority;[1] however, Israel rejects the creation of a Palestinian state.[2]
The first proposal for separate Jewish and Arab states in the territory was made by the British Peel Commission report in 1937.[3] In 1947, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a partition plan for Palestine, leading to the 1948 Palestine war.[4][5] As a result, Israel was established on the area the UN had proposed for the Jewish state, as well as almost 60% of the area proposed for the Arab state. Israel took control of West Jerusalem, which was meant to be part of an international zone. Transjordan took control of East Jerusalem and what became known as the West Bank, annexing it the following year. The territory which became the Gaza Strip was occupied by Egypt but never annexed. In the aftermath of the 1967 Six-Day War, both the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and Gaza Strip were militarily occupied by Israel, becoming known as the Palestinian territories.
The leadership of the Palestine Liberation Organization has accepted in principle the concept of a two-state solution since the 1982 Arab Summit in Fez,[clarification needed][6] having previously turned down such proposals since 1937. In 2017, Hamas announced their revised charter, which claims to accept the idea of a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders, but without recognising the statehood of Israel.[7] Diplomatic efforts have centred around realizing a two-state solution, starting from the failed 2000 Camp David Summit and the Clinton Parameters, followed by the Taba Summit in 2001. The failure of the Camp David summit to reach an agreed two-state solution formed the backdrop to the commencement of the Second Intifada, the violent consequences of which marked a turning point among both peoples’ attitudes.[8][9][10] A two-state solution also formed the basis of the Arab Peace Initiative, the 2006–2008 peace offer, and the 2013–14 peace talks.
The two-state solution is supported by 28 countries in Europe, the United States, the Arab League states, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, China and India.[11][12] Long-serving Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu in 2015 rejected a Palestinian state.[13] He again rejected a Palestinian state in June of 2023.[14][15] Former Israeli PM’s Ehud Barak and Ehud Olmert in late 2023 declared themselves supporter of either "the two-state solution"[16] or "a two-state solution".[17] Public support among Israelis and among Palestinians (measured separately) for “the concept of the two-state solution” etc. have varied between far above and far below 50%, depending partly on how the question was phrased.
The major points of contention include the specific boundaries of the two states (though most proposals are based on the 1967 lines), the status of Jerusalem, the Israeli settlements and the right of return of Palestinian refugees. Observers have described the current situation in the whole territory, with the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and blockade of the Gaza Strip, as one of de facto Israeli sovereignty.[18][19] The two-state solution is an alternative to the one-state solution and what observers consider a de facto one-state reality.[20][21][22]
- ^ "Palestinian Authority ready to work with an Israeli government that backs two-state solution: PM Shtayyeh".
- ^ https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/knesset-overwhelmingly-passes-motion-rejecting-palestinian-statehood-days-before-pms-us-trip/.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Morris, Benny (2009-04-28), "The History of One-State and Two-State Solutions", One State, Two States: Resolving the Israel/Palestine Conflict, Yale University Press, pp. 28–160, ISBN 978-0-300-15604-1, retrieved 2024-06-28
- ^ Sabel, Robbie, ed. (2022), "The 1947 Partition Plan", International Law and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 93–101, doi:10.1017/9781108762670.006, ISBN 978-1-108-48684-2, retrieved 2023-10-31
- ^ The Question of Palestine and the UN, "The Jewish Agency accepted the resolution despite its dissatisfaction over such matters as Jewish emigration from Europe and the territorial limits set on the proposed Jewish State."
- ^ Tessler, Mark A. (1994). A History of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana State University. p. 718. ISBN 978-0253208736.
- ^ "Hamas accepts Palestinian state with 1967 borders". Al Jazeera. 2 May 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
- ^ Palti, Zohar (2023-09-08). "The Implications of the Second Intifada on Israeli Views of Oslo". The Washington Institute. Retrieved 2024-04-03.
- ^ "Background & Overview of 2000 Camp David Summit". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 2024-04-03.
- ^ "Second Intifada". Makan. Retrieved 2024-04-03.
The Second Intifada starkly demonstrated the failure of years of negotiations, and marked a turning point in both internal Israeli and Palestinian politics.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Canada2023was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
VdLeyen2023was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
ynet,2015was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Palestinians furious over Netanyahu claims that Israel must 'crush' statehood ambitions". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 2023-07-01. Retrieved 2024-07-26.
- ^ "Netanyahu's call to block creation of Palestinian state sparks fury, condemnation". Arab News. 2023-06-26. Retrieved 2024-07-26.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Barak2023was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Olmert2023was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Iraqi, Amjad (2021-01-12). "Why B'Tselem is calling Israel an apartheid regime, from the river to the sea". +972 Magazine. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
- ^ "B'Tselem (Document): A Regime of Jewish Supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This Is Apartheid". Institute for Palestine Studies. January 12, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2023.
- ^ Iraqi, Amjad (2021-01-12). "Why B'Tselem is calling Israel an apartheid regime, from the river to the sea". +972 Magazine. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
- ^ "B'Tselem (Document): A Regime of Jewish Supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This Is Apartheid". Institute for Palestine Studies. January 12, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2023.
- ^ Barnett, Michael; Brown, Nathan; Lynch, Marc; Telhami, Shibley (2023-04-14). "Israel's One-State Reality". Foreign Affairs. Vol. 102, no. 3. ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved 2024-04-03.
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