Vertebral artery dissection

Vertebral artery dissection
Other names	Vertebral dissection
Arteries of the neck, with arrows indicating the right vertebral artery
Specialty	Neurology
Symptoms	Headache, difficulty speaking, difficulty swallowing, poor coordination
Complications	Stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage
Causes	Trauma, Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, Marfan syndrome
Diagnostic method	Computed tomography angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, invasive angiography
Treatment	Anticoagulation, angioplasty, surgery
Medication	Aspirin, heparin, warfarin
Frequency	1.1 per 100,000

Vertebral artery dissection (VAD) is a flap-like tear of the inner lining of the vertebral artery, which is located in the neck and supplies blood to the brain. After the tear, blood enters the arterial wall and forms a blood clot, thickening the artery wall and often impeding blood flow. The symptoms of vertebral artery dissection include head and neck pain and intermittent or permanent stroke symptoms such as difficulty speaking, impaired coordination, and visual loss. It is usually diagnosed with a contrast-enhanced CT or MRI scan.^[1][2]

Vertebral dissection may occur after physical trauma to the neck, such as a blunt injury (e.g. traffic collision), or strangulation, or after sudden neck movements, i.e. coughing, but may also happen spontaneously. 1–4% of spontaneous cases have a clear underlying connective tissue disorder affecting the blood vessels. Treatment is usually with either antiplatelet drugs such as aspirin or with anticoagulants such as heparin or warfarin.^[1]

Vertebral artery dissection is less common than carotid artery dissection (dissection of the large arteries in the front of the neck). The two conditions together account for 10–25% of non-hemorrhagic strokes in young and middle-aged people. Over 75% recover completely or with minimal impact on functioning, with the remainder having more severe disability and a very small proportion (about 2%) dying from complications.^[1][3] It was first described in the 1970s by the Canadian neurologist C. Miller Fisher.^[3]