Viola Desmond

Viola Desmond
Desmond c. 1940
Born	Viola Irene Davis (1914-07-06)July 6, 1914 Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Died	February 7, 1965(1965-02-07) (aged 50) New York City, New York, U.S.
Resting place	Camp Hill Cemetery, Halifax
Occupation(s)	Business owner and beautician
Criminal status	Convicted (pardoned April 15, 2010; 14 years ago (2010-04-15))[1]
Spouse	Jack Desmond
Conviction(s)	Tax evasion under s. 8(8) of the Theatres, Cinematographs, and Amusements Act, R.S.N.S., 1923, c. 162[1]
Criminal penalty	Fine and court costs amounting to $26 (reversed by free pardon[2])
Date apprehended	November 8, 1946; 77 years ago (1946-11-08)

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Viola Irene Desmond (July 6, 1914 – February 7, 1965) was a Canadian civil and women's rights activist and businesswoman of Black Nova Scotian descent. In 1946, she challenged racial segregation at a cinema in New Glasgow, Nova Scotia, by refusing to leave a whites-only area of the Roseland Theatre. For this, she was convicted of a minor tax violation for the one-cent tax difference between the seat that she had paid for and the seat that she used, which was more expensive. Desmond's case is one of the most publicized incidents of racial discrimination in Canadian history and helped start the modern civil rights movement in Canada.^[3]

In 2010, Desmond was granted a posthumous free pardon, the first to be granted in Canada.^[4][5] A free pardon deems the person granted the pardon to have never committed the offence and cancels any consequence resulting from the conviction, such as fines, prohibitions or forfeitures.^[6] However, it was not until 2021 that the government repaid the $26 (worth $368 CAD as of 2021) fine to her estate in the form of a $1,000 scholarship that adjusted the amount to reflect the time value of money.^[2] The Crown-in-Right-of-Nova Scotia also apologized for prosecuting her for tax evasion and acknowledged she was rightfully resisting racial discrimination.^[7]

In late 2018, Desmond became the first Canadian-born woman to appear alone on a Canadian bank note—a $10 bill—which was unveiled by Finance Minister Bill Morneau and Bank of Canada Governor Stephen Poloz during a ceremony at the Halifax Central Library on March 8, 2018.^[8][9] Desmond was also named a National Historic Person in 2018.^[10]