 | |
| Data | |
|---|---|
| Access to an improved water source | 98% (2015) [1] |
| Continuity of supply | 21.6 hours per day on average in 68 cities (2009), often at low pressure |
| Average urban water use (L/person/day) | 50 (2004 in small towns),[2] 80−130 (2009 in towns and cities) [3] |
| Average urban water and sanitation tariff (US$/m3) | 0.26 (2009) [4] |
| Share of household metering | 96% in cities (2009) [3] |
| Annual investment in WSS | US$156 million per year (average 1998−2002), corresponding to less than $2 per capita per year [5] |
| Financing | ca. 60% external donors, ca. 25% internal public sources, ca. 15% by users [5] |
| Institutions | |
| Decentralization to municipalities | At the provincial level |
| National water and sanitation company | No |
| Water and sanitation regulator | None |
| Responsibility for policy setting | Ministry of Construction (urban areas), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (water supply in rural areas), Ministry of Health (sanitation in rural areas) |
| Sector law | None |
| No. of urban service providers | 68 Provincial Water Supply Companies and a number of Urban Environmental Companies in the largest cities for sewerage and wastewater treatment |
| No. of rural service providers | More than 4,433 (number from 2007 based on a survey in 39 of 58 provinces) |
Water supply and sanitation in Vietnam is characterized by challenges and achievements. Among the achievements is a substantial increase in access to water supply and sanitation between 1990 and 2010, nearly universal metering, and increased investment in wastewater treatment since 2007. Among the challenges are continued widespread water pollution, poor service quality, low access to improved sanitation in rural areas, poor sustainability of rural water systems, insufficient cost recovery for urban sanitation, and the declining availability of foreign grant and soft loan funding as the Vietnamese economy grows and donors shift to loan financing.[6][7][8] The government also promotes increased cost recovery through tariff revenues and has created autonomous water utilities at the provincial level, but the policy has had mixed success as tariff levels remain low and some utilities have engaged in activities outside their mandate.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:0was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Prepared by Camellia Staykova (EWDWS) Task managed by Bill Kingdom (EASUR) (2006). "Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy Building on a solid foundation" (PDF). World Bank. p. 26. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
ADB Sector Reviewwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Vietnam Country Report". International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
WB Investmentwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "BORGEN Magazine - The Borgen Project". BORGEN. 2023-09-30. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
- ^ "Water, sanitation and hygiene | UNICEF Viet Nam". www.unicef.org. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
- ^ "Output-Based Aid in Vietnam : Access to Piped Water Services for Rural Households". August 2011.
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