Wisdom has been defined in many different ways,[6][9][7] and there are several distinct approaches to assessing the characteristics attributed to wisdom.[10][11]
^Kekes, John (1983). "Wisdom". American Philosophical Quarterly. 20 (3): 277–86. Retrieved 18 July 2024. In descriptive knowledge one knows facts; in interpretive knowledge one knows the significance of the descriptively known facts.
^"Wisdom". Cambridge Dictionary. Cambridge Dictionary. 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024. the ability to use your knowledge and experience to make good decisions and judgments[.]
^ ab"Wisdom". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford English Dictionary. July 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2024. judging rightly in matters relating to life and conduct; soundness of judgement in the choice of means and ends; sometimes, less strictly, sound sense [...] Personified (almost always as feminine) [...] Knowledge (esp. of a high or abstruse kind); enlightenment, learning, erudition
^"Wise". Dictionary.com. 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024. power of discerning and judging [...] what is true or right; possessing discernment, judgment, or discretion [...] judicious or prudent [...] learned; erudite [...] informed[.]
^"Wise". Merriam Webster. Merriam Webster. 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024. deep understanding, keen discernment, and a capacity for sound judgment [...] Prudent [...] Knowing [...] Crafty, Shrewd [...] Insolent[.]
^ abGrossmann, Igor (2017). "Wisdom in Context". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 12 (2). doi:10.1177/1745691616672066. PMID28346113. S2CID26818408. Retrieved 18 July 2024. Compromise [...] Intellectual humility [...] Recognition of uncertainty and change [...] Others' perspectives / broader contexts
^ abStaudinger, U.M.; Glück, J. (2011). "Psychological wisdom research: Commonalities and differences in a growing field". Annual Review of Psychology. 62: 215–241. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131659. PMID20822439.
^Trowbridge, R.H. (May 2011). "Waiting for Sophia: 30 years of Conceptualizing Wisdom in Empirical Psychology". Research in Human Development. 8 (2): 111–117. doi:10.1080/15427609.2011.568872. S2CID145371442.